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any liking, they made him their oath that they would help him faithfully to fulfil all the things aforesaid. But after all these things had been made known for certain to the king and kingdom of England, the poor folk, middle class and farmers in the northern parts were not a little delighted that the king of Scotland should freely possess his own kingdom on such terms that they themselves might live in peace. But the
chronicles The demographic landscape of medieval Italy ( fig. 2 ) differed from most of the rest of Europe in its relatively high percentage of urban-dwellers, even after the end of the Roman Empire. Economic growth, especially from trade, from the eleventh century on expanded the urban middle classes, while the decline of imperial authority in Italy at the end of the eleventh century made room for the rise of communes: citizen
England who was contrite for their sins and had made confession. In the summer of 1379, due to a hostile configuration of the planets, plague broke out in the north country on a scale never seen before. The mortality waxed so powerful that almost the whole region was rapidly stripped of its best men; and among the middle classes it was said that nearly every