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other faiths and denominations in the West and black–white racial tensions in the South. 2 The ‘Great Migration’ of 1915–25, during which some 1.25 million blacks left the South to settle in major urban centres of the North like New York and Chicago, was another issue that attracted the attention of white Americans. In the South, planters feared that they would be left with insufficient labourers to farm their lands. In the North, industrialists may have welcomed the migrants, as a vital addition to the expanding factory workforce, but ordinary city dwellers were
The blossoming of interest in black history since the 1950s was directly linked to the rise of Martin Luther King and the post-Second World War Civil Rights Movement. The advances achieved in desegregation and black voting rights since the 1950s suggested that this was a destination that King's children, and African Americans as a whole, would ultimately reach. In the inter-war years there were indications that some scholars were willing to examine the more depressing realities of black life, most notably in a series of academic studies on lynching. The book discusses the approach of Du Bois to the academic studies on black migrants from a sociological perspective. When African American history began to command more serious attention in the mid-1960s, the generation of historians who had had direct personal experience of the Great Depression and the Second World War began to reach the age of retirement. The book also examines the achievements of race leaders like Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael, the Black Power Movement and Black Nationalism of the 1960s. In a 1996 study, political scientist Robert C. Scholarly debate on the African American experience from the 1890s through to the early 1920s gathered momentum with fresh studies on the spread of racial segregation and black migration to the cities. The rise of feminism and popularity of women's history prompted academic researchers to pay attention to the issue of gender in African American history. Stereotyped depictions of African Americans in US popular culture are also discussed.
relation to the subject of equality (or rather institutional and structured inequality and institutional responses to it) and related issues in employment, looking in particular at labour migration and gender inequality in relation to worker influence, outlining some of the complex and contradictory developments of recent changes in the role of the state. The chapter applies a WES perspective to widen our view of how the body of worker rights has shifted and contributed to the challenges and changes in the forms of worker voice. It recognises the fundamental
, such as the Great Migration, 1915–25, or lynching, attracted the attention of the wider American public. During the 1950s and 1960s the spread of more liberal attitudes and values, reflected in the rise of Martin Luther King and the post-war Civil Rights Movement, inspired scholars to investigate the African American past. They eloquently portrayed the historical sufferings of black communities and felt moral outrage at such racial injustice in a way that would have been incomprehensible for many earlier scholars, who saw such inequalities as natural and inevitable
trend in the late nineteenth century as tens of thousands of Chinese left China. The Qing had strict rules as to who could travel overseas and for how long, although it was impossible to enforce these rules rigorously across its extensive coastlines. The chaos of the Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion distracted local governments and thus had made it easier for people to leave China. Migration had always been an option: war, natural and manmade disasters and changes of regime had driven thousands of Chinese to southern China ever since the fourth century. When
movement of labour and the movement of asylum seekers and refugees had already been made to good effect by UKIP since 2009. This linkage became of critical importance after the EU’s ‘migration crisis’ in the summer and autumn of 2015. As a result of the crisis of political will about the correct response to the humanitarian crisis across the EU, the Daily Mail claimed that ‘Three-quarters of adults said a rigorous Australian-style points system for people coming to the UK from outside the EU would be a successful method of curbing migration’ (Slack, 2015 ). This issue
eclecticism was illustrated by the reaction to the interior minister Collomb's December 2017 circular in relation to migrants, which called upon prefects to monitor the presence of illegal immigrants in emergency housing centres, creating divisions even within LRM. These divisions were bought to the fore by bitter LRM divisions over the immigration and asylum law, approved by the National Assembly in May 2018. A reaction to this hard line on migration lay behind the first attempt to structure a left-wing tendency within LRM. After one year of office, the support for Macron
the West more generally value human rights, they cannot afford to abandon these refugees, regardless of populist-incited paranoia. European governments must take a radical centrist populist approach to the refugee problem to deny political space to the extreme right. European democratic centrists need to support the idea of a unified, EU-wide approach that would benefit all member states, taking specific interests of each state into account; aid border nations; provide more opportunities for legal migration and safe crossings for refugees; and reinvigorate and
-class interest is then fused with the resurrection of the nation (that neoliberalism had sought to discard) and the policies needed to safeguard the nation, most notably protectionism and controls on migration. The commitment to ‘Make America Great Again’ led to other promises. There was to be an industrial strategy based upon state action to resurrect the US's manufacturing base, an assertive trade policy and, as noted in other chapters, the protection of ‘entitlements’ for those deemed deserving. In sum, whereas the early days of the financial crisis gave rise to claims
immigration is encouraged because ‘globalist’ political and commercial elites are seeking to undermine or ‘dilute’ the nation-state and the people. All this is in turn overlain by anxieties and concerns about openness in all its forms as well as the uncertainty and fluidity that accompanies openness. Although some campaigning for the 2016 Brexit vote held out the promise of the UK as an independent and open state, many others in their ranks had a far more insular vision. In particular, they resented the migration patterns that EU membership entailed. Populist resistance