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distinguish between the institution and its rituals. The former, in the rural north- west midlands in which McGahern grew up, was primarily concerned with control and power. But this did not take from the beauty of its sacraments that lifted people’s eyes from the avaricious earth and revealed the possibility of another, more wholesome, universe. In his essay ‘The Church and its Spire’, we read: I have nothing but gratitude for the spiritual remnants of that [Catholic] upbringing, the sense of our origins beyond the bounds of sense, an awareness of mystery and wonderment
Muiris MacCárthaigh for this insight. 27 In 1923, Cardinal Logue sent a Pastoral Letter, signed by Archbishops and Bishops in Ireland, condemning the rebels and denying them the Sacrament of Penance (Andrews, 1979: 248). 28 Cumann na nGaedheal: political party formed just before the end of the Civil War by pro-Treaty members of Sinn Féin. The party is inextricably associated with W. T. Cosgrave, who was its founding leader, who led it for the ten years it governed the Irish Free State, and who oversaw its dissolution in the creation of Fine Gael. Despite its position
. 46 For Luther’s own accounting of these false prophets, see his Against the Heavenly Prophets in the Matter of Images and Sacraments , in vol. 1 of The Selected Writings of Martin Luther (Fortress Press, reprint 2007). See also Edwards’s discussion of true and false prophets, in McKim, Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther , pp
as yet unknown. Only when the Levites actually take him up on his offer do we see the beginning of the violence of that enactment, for now there are those who have performed a true commitment to the new law – so faithful are they that they perform its sacrament before knowing it. This, in direct contrast to those who refuse its admission, even as others choose to entertain the promise of this new authority. The
. ETA, 1952–1980 , Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1984; W. Douglass, Basque Politics: A Case Study in Ethnic Nationalism , Reno, University of Nevada Press, 1985; J. Sullivan, ETA and Basque Nationalism. The Fight for Euskadi, 1890–1986 , London, Routledge, 1988; J. Zulaika, Basque violence. Metaphor and Sacrament , Reno, University of Nevada Press, 1988; M. Heiberg, The Making of the Basque Nation , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989; P. Clark, Negotiating with ETA. Obstacles to Peace in the Basque Country, 1975–1988 , Reno, University of
precarious, on the crown which his grandfather James II had relinquished or been expelled from. The sacrament of Holy Communion was an instrument of dynastic ambition alongside the secular weapon of highland armies. The course of most forms of identity in Britain has, whilst never approaching uniformity, moved away from rigid and ostentatious distinctions of rank, class, or wealth. Religious identity has moved in different directions, and whilst there was never uniformity, equality in variety was only approached in the twentieth century. It might be responded that
. Thus, for example, sacraments and rituals allocated to only part of the life cycle (birth, marriage, death) a status of holiness and subordination to supernatural authority. Furthermore, religion became an integral part of modern politics. It had a say in public fields like economics, education, and science, thereby making it difficult to limit it to a clear and well-defined sphere in the life of modern nations. State law hence needed to redefine, again and again, the nature of genuine religion, and the proper positioning of its boundaries. Talal Asad, Formations of
traditional Protestant hymns, Catholic schools concentrate on Irish historical commemorations and Catholic religious rituals, and teachers prepare Catholic children for the sacrament of First Communion and Confirmation. Lambkin found in the mid-1990s that children’s knowledge of the other communities’ religion is weak, and that many religious and historical myths fill in gaps of knowledge about the ‘other side’.27 In fact Lambkin found that schoolchildren thought that religion was very important and, unlike adults, believed that the conflict was caused by religion. As such
strongly tied to the religious history of that country. Although few mainline Christian denominations openly endorse SSUs, the various denominations do define the purposes of marriage differently. Most Protestant denominations in Western Europe, for example, encourage their followers to participate in monogamous marriage, but unlike in the Catholic and Orthodox churches marriage is not a sacrament thought to be directly blessed by God. The Catholic Church also has strongly condemned homosexual behaviour and relationships, while a number of Protestant denominations
Volunteers, Fianna boys were ‘equipped with pads of enrolment forms’ and served as stewards. 54 Irish nationalists recognised the value of children and youth, particularly those in uniform, as potent symbols of the future nation state and often used them in different types of public displays. Up to 1916, the Cork sluagh served as the guard of honour for the Blessed Sacrament at the annual procession at Wilton Church, a more overtly religious use of the nationalist youth group than was usually the case. 55 Fianna members also participated in the annual Manchester