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more examples. For real cases of sexual violence on the pilgrimage trail see Susan Signe Morrison, Women Pilgrims in Late Medieval England (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 57–9. 29 The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 23. 30 The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 12. 31 Felicity Riddy, ‘ “Burgeis” domesticity in late-medieval England’, in Maryanne Kowaleski and P. J. P. Goldberg (eds), Medieval Domesticity: Home Housing and Household in Medieval England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 14–36 (p. 29). 32 The Stanzaic Guy is a translation of one part of the
damages of £20. 147 None of these women were parties to the complaints, though they concerned attacks on their persons specifically. Many other men complained about abduction of their maidservants, along with various household goods, but the nature of the records mask whether these were instances of sexual violence, attempts at forced marriage, elopement or rather the stealing of labour from the household. In one case, the issue of the borough court’s jurisdiction was brought into dispute through the suggestion that it was unable to
course, depends on whom we imagine and privilege as the audience of these enigmas and how varied we allow it to be. Portnoy's conclusion, drawing on other scholarly writing about ‘dirty’ riddles, states that the ‘clean’ solution of the sword does not allow for any criticism of sexual violence. This critic's and others’ assumption that the ‘clean’ solution can safely dislodge any ‘dirty’ suggestions would work against the complexity and artfulness of the Exeter Riddles. An expression of ambivalence may be at play here. Brian McFadden appeals
: University of Toronto Press, 2005), 407–20, at 410–11. 28 Arthur, ‘Postural Representations’, p. 875. 29 Thomas Bredehoft, Early English Metre (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), p. 64. 30 Karma Lochrie, ‘Gender, Sexual Violence, and the Politics of War in the Old English Judith ’, in Britton J. Harwood and Gillian R. Overing (eds), Class and Gender in Early English Literature: Intersections (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 1–20, at 10. 31
nihbeshet , because she was very strictly kept from becoming the victim of any act of violence, and most particularly sexual violence. Rabbi Meshulam ben David cites the opinion of his important teacher, Rabbenu Simha, who set down the following principle: if women who were captured ‘accept as true’ that it is possible to free them by putting pressure on their captors or by bribing
Portrayal of English Saints in the South English Legendary’, in Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski and Timea Szell (eds), Images of Sainthood in Medieval Europe (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), pp. 81–93. Examples of gender-based studies are Gail Ashton, The Generation of Identity in Late Medieval Hagiography: Speaking the Saint (London: Routledge, 2000); Catherine InnesParker, ‘Sexual Violence and the Female Reader: Symbolic “Rape” in the Saints’ Lives of the Katherine Group’, Women’s Studies 24.3 (1995), pp. 205–17; Katherine J. Lewis, ‘Model Girls? VirginMartyrs and
–192. Either way ‘the female figure’s potential promiscuity is an element of this generic landscape’ (Smith, Pastourelle Tradition , 59). 64 Reichl, ‘Debate Verse’, 235. Harley 2253 also has two religious pastourelles: An Autumn Song (#63) and The Five Joys of the Virgin (#67); see Chapter 4 . 65 For medieval fabliau’s similar ‘soft-pedalling’ of sexual violence, see Sidhu, ‘Female Desire’, 9. 66 Brook, HL , 7. 67 Could what she loathes be the condition of vulnerability that damsel status imposes? 68 For avian protagonists in debate, see Conlee, ME Debate