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rhetorical question and referred back to it, it would have worked much better. For instance, she could have presented her argument and then concluded by stating: ‘As to the question of whether the freedom is an illusion, the answer is yes, medical technologies have indeed merely postponed the oppression of child rearing for most women.’ In this way rhetorical questions can be used as components of the very structure of your argument and help you convey the main points. Do not forget, however, that rhetorical questions are not the only way of achieving these
trajectory of development varied across Europe, but the opening up of previously private collections began earlier in many countries than in Britain (Henning, 2006 ; Findlen, 1994 ; Hooper-Greenhill, 1992 ). The Medici Palace in Florence is frequently acknowledged as the originator of European museums in the fifteenth century (Hooper-Greenhill, 1992 ), and royal and state collections were gradually made accessible to varying degrees in order to symbolise power and prestige, alongside a sense of some acknowledgement regarding their wider public ownership (Bennett, 1995
effective summary of the main concepts and propositions she has used in producing her argument than has the one discussed above. She does not do the work of setting out the definitions and propositions again but instead links together the main turns of her own argument. The conclusion begins by stating her answer to the question and then moves on to provide a quick summary of how she reached this answer: In conclusion, this essay argues that friends are interchangeable in contemporary society with kin as valued personal relationships. This essay
to have been eroded. Case study 8.1 The People’s Campaign for Decentralised Planning Kerala, an Indian state comprising approximately thirty million people, could be an unexpected place to have a strong deliberative history. As a state, it is responsive to national polices, and yet it has managed to cultivate circumstances for deliberative democracy amongst its population to which many countries have only aspired. Its citizens had not previously been given many opportunities to participate, nor had local governments been able to
theorists and areas of social life under discussion. The beginning of an essay must outline what the argument of the essay is going to be. Having an argument that runs throughout is crucial to the essay’s coherence and success. So, indicating what the argument is going to be right at the beginning is essential. And it should include presenting the structure of the essay. In other words, you should give some indication of the order of the main points you will make and how they fit together. The beginning also needs to state what the ultimate conclusion will be. By
frequently confused. You would be well advised to study the list below. Again, for a much more extensive list of common mistakes, see Gordon Jarvie’s ( 1993 ) Grammar Guide or Bill Bryson’s ( 2002 ) Dictionary of Troublesome Words . Adverse refers to something which is unfavourable, for example an adverse review of a book, whereas averse refers to the state of being disinclined to be involved with something, for example ‘I am averse to giving verbal presentations’. Affect is both a noun and a verb: the verb to affect something is to change it in
is also of interest. Rather than hide away from an example of ethically questionable research practice, the panel decided to explicitly utilise it as a case study for communication and education: ‘The best thing we can do as a country when faced with a dark chapter is to bring it to light,’ stated the report’s authors (Gutmann and Wagner, 2011 : v). In this case the information previously shrouded in darkness emerged in response to a request from the president, Barack Obama, to investigate what had happened in Guatemala and to ensure that current rules (both
measuring pre-specified outcomes e.g. a person’s reported state of mind, behaviour, performance, attitudes, intentions, abilities, personality, beliefs, cognitive functioning or style, preferences or coping style. The term measurement scale is often used interchangeably with rating scale, test, inventory, questionnaire or measure. Measurement scales can be used to look at relationships between different characteristics. For example, in a recent study exploring the relationship between resilience and depression, the researchers used a specific measurement scale – The
–industry meeting places may suggest opportunities for researchers interested in using digital tools. Associations such as the DiGRA (Digital Games Research Association) may also help to broker contact between academics and games designers. It might seem obvious, but a key aspect of any game is that it is played, which leads us to consider a key concept from digital cultures research: playfulness. Playfulness is usually considered as either a state within a person or a state of a person that involves a sense of humour and spontaneity. According to Arrasvuori et al
expect you to make use of evidence by integrating it into your argument in one way or another. The most straightforward and common way in which to do so is to cite academic materials to indicate the source of evidence for assertions that you make. An assertion is something that you state as fact. We saw this in the previous example from a student’s essay on whiteness. It can also be seen in the following quotation from a student essay on animal studies. Here the student has made a statement and then backed it up by citing several sources. She has also included