Search results
), and Henri de Mondeville, Chirurgie , complained ‘there are some of these, like idiots, simple and ignorant ..., saying that they have the work of surgery’ ( il est aucuns d’iceus, aussi comme ydiotes, simples et ignorans ..., disans que il ont l’oeuvre de cyrurgie ). 62 The latter quote still reflects the notion of the idiot as a layman, an unlearned person. Compared to other terms used to describe mental disturbance, terms for ‘idiot’ or ‘simpleton’ appear seldom in French letters of remission that Pfau has studied, a statistic also borne out by the English legal
chiefs of vascular surgery in hospitals have their Collegio dei Primari Ospedalieri di Chirurgia Vascolare. This tradition has also an echo in the name of the first organisation of medical professionals in America, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, founded in 1787. 19 The guilds of professionals, plus those of merchants, were among the first to be formed in the communes. Indeed they reflect the social elites that were instrumental in forming communes in the first place, and along with the expanding social and political base of the
of John of Salisbury’, in Wilks (ed.), World , pp. 303–17; T. Struve, Die Entwicklung der organologischen Staatsauffassung im Mittelalter (Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 1978), pp. 123–48; C. J. Nederman, ‘The Physiological Significance of the Organic Metaphor in John of Salisbury’s Policraticus ’, History of Political Thought , 8 (1987), 211–23; Duby, The Three Orders , pp. 264–7. See also A. H. Chroust, ‘The Corporate Idea and the Body Politic in the Middle Ages’, Review of Politics , 9 (1947), 423–52. 2 Pouchelle, Body and Surgery
communitas evertatur necesse est ’. 76 Cicero, On Duties , III. 26, p. 109; De officiis , III. 26, p. 292: ‘ Ergo unum debet esse omnibus propositum, ut eadem sit utilitas unius cuiusque et universorum ’. 77 Striker, ‘Following Nature: A Study in Stoic Ethics’, p. 47. 78 M.-C. Pouchelle, The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages , trans. R. Morris (Cambridge: Polity, 1990), p. 118. 79 Hugh of St Victor, De institutione novitiorum , in L’Oeuvre de Hugues de Saint
pertaining to clothing and eating: Also dispose a leche hym that in clothes and other apparalyngis be he honeste, noȝt likkenyng hymself in apparalyng or berying to mynistralleȝ, but in clothing and beryng shew he the maner of clerkes. ffor why it semeth any discrete man y-cladde with clerkis clothing for to occupie gentil menneȝ bordeȝ … And be he curtaise at lordeȝ bordeȝ, and displease he noȝt in words or dedes to the gestes syttyng by; here he many þingis, but speke he but fewe. (p. 6) Arderne’s text is, in one sense, part of a wider effort to legitimise surgery as a
. 11 Guy de Chauliac, The Middle English Translation of Guy de Chauliac's Treatise on Ulcers, Part I, Text: Book IV of the Great Surgery , ed. by Björn Wallner (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1982), p. 66; Latin from Guy de Chauliac, Inventarium Sive Chirurgia Magna, Volume One: Text , ed. by Michael R. McVaugh (Leiden: Brill, 1997), p. 239, line 38. 12 I make reference
law to many members of the clergy. In addition, the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 forbade the practice of surgery to clergy in the major monastic orders as well as among priests and deacons but allowed it among members of the lower orders. 69 This latter pronouncement is contained among the body of laws aimed at curtailing the rampant clerical avarice. Suspicion of the motives of physicians increased in the high Middle Ages both among the church establishment and among society in general. While there was continued concern over greed, an
with ‘significant congenital heart defects’, which require life-saving surgery. 12 That was obviously not available in the past, so it is likely that if similar incidences of heart problems occurred in the past, then at least half of all infants with Down syndrome would have died during infancy. However, turn this statistic around, and it follows that about half of Down syndrome babies do not (and did not in the past) have heart problems, so one can assume that this half of the infants could survive into adulthood. With regard to autism spectrum, it has been