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International organisations are a central component of modern international society. This book provides a concise account of the principles and norms of international law applicable to the intergovernmental organisation (IGO). It defines and explains inter-governmentalism and the role of law in its regulation. The book presents case studies that show how the law works within an institutional order dominated by politics. After a note on the key relationship between the IGO and its member states, it examines the basic relationship between the UN and states in terms of membership through admissions, withdrawal, expulsion, suspension, and representation. The debate about the extent of the doctrine of legal powers is addressed through case studies. Institutional lawmaking in the modern era is discussed with particular focus on at the impact of General Assembly Resolutions on outer space and the Health Regulations of the World Health Organization. Non-forcible measures adopted by the UN and similar IGOs in terms of their legality (constitutionality and conformity to international law), legitimacy and effectiveness, is covered next. The different military responses undertaken by IGOs, ranging from observation and peacekeeping, to peace enforcement and war-fighting, are discussed in terms of legality and practice. The book also considers the idea of a Responsibility to Protect and the development of secondary rules of international law to cover the wrongful acts and omissions of IGOs. It ends with a note on how the primary and secondary rules of international law are upheld in different forms and mechanisms of accountability, including courts.
international law produced by states and, in fact, are compatible with the list of sources in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice of 1945, either as treaty obligations, customs or general principles of law. It is true to say that many resolutions have passed into customary international law, but such an analysis disregards the potential normative value of the resolutions themselves, a value that reflects the autonomy of IGOs. This chapter explores institutional lawmaking in the modern era, with particular focus on General Assembly Resolutions on
elsewhere. Recognizing the importance of the Soviet Union in its foreign policy calculus, India acted accordingly. While it strongly condemned the Anglo-French 52 Indian foreign policy intervention in Egypt, its response to Soviet intervention in Hungary was weak, to say the least. It even joined the communist bloc to vote against a UN General Assembly resolution calling for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary though Nehru was later forced to criticize the Soviet policy toward Hungary. The Soviet Union also adopted a neutral position in Indian disputes with
This book opens with a review of some of the significant themes concerning women's citizenship from the perspective of politics. It considers the environment in which women live and the identities they possess and how these characteristics contribute to the nature of their citizenship. The book analyses how its commitment to gender mainstreaming has affected the United Nations' activities, particularly with respect to environmental law. It addresses the nature of women's access to citizenship in the West through considering both women's unfair exposure to environmental problems (in that it is disproportionately negative compared to men's) and the strategies they adopt to redress this. The book considers active citizenship in the urban landscape. It examines women's citizenship in post-communist Russia, focusing on the Soldiers' Mothers' committee. Their existence constitutes an active part of Russia's nascent civil society. The collapse of soviet socialism has had some highly negative consequences for women, including under-representation in political institutions and growing unemployment. Since his election as president in 2000, Putin has sought to create a 'managed democracy' with the aim of co-opting or coercing civil society organisations. Despite this, and the fact that feminist and human rights discourses are quite weak in Russia today, the Soldiers' Mothers' committees continue to grow and have won respect and support.
shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter’. 46 The strength of support for the idea of non-interference is undoubtedly very strong within the international community. Further proof can be seen in two UN General Assembly Resolutions on the ‘Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States’, passed in December 1965 and in an updated version in
.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48103#.VAkEUY10zmQ . 34 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761 (November 6, 1962): A/RES/1761. 35 See United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3201, “Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order” (May 1, 1974): A/RES/S-6/3201. The right to development was formally recognized by United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/41128 (December 4, 1986). 36 David P. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 66. 37 “At the Opening of the
principles of law. Indeed, many resolutions have passed into customary international law, but such an analysis disregards the normative value of the resolutions themselves, a value that more accurately reflects the autonomy of IGOs. This chapter explores institutional lawmaking in the modern era, looking in detail at the impact of General Assembly Resolutions on outer space and the Health Regulations of the World Health Organization (WHO). Both of these are shown to be international laws in their own right and that, in fact, they are paradigmatic of UN lawmaking more
Refiguring childhood stages a series of encounters with biosocial power, which is a specific zone of intensity within the more encompassing arena of biopower and biopolitics. Assembled at the intersection of thought and practice, biosocial power attempts to bring envisioned futures into the present, taking hold of life in the form of childhood, thereby bridging being and becoming while also shaping the power relations that encapsulate the social and cultural world(s) of adults and children. Taking up a critical perspective which is attentive to the contingency of childhoods – the ways in which particular childhoods are constituted and configured – the method used in the book is a transversal genealogy that moves between past and present while also crossing a series of discourses and practices framed by children’s rights (the right to play), citizenship, health, disadvantage and entrepreneurship education. The overarching analysis converges on contemporary neoliberal enterprise culture, which is approached as a conjuncture that helps to explain, and also to trouble, the growing emphasis on the agency and rights of children. It is against the backdrop of this problematic that the book makes its case for refiguring childhood. Focusing on the how, where and when of biosocial power, Refiguring childhood will appeal to researchers and students interested in examining the relationship between power and childhood through the lens of social and political theory, sociology, cultural studies, history and geography.
This book examines different theories purporting to explain the Atlantic Alliance's current difficulties and states that the recent divisions among the allies are a result of the decline in 'Atlanticism' understood as transatlantic solidarity based on a community of values. It offers a brief historical survey of the main issues that have characterised transatlantic security relations from Kosovo to Iraq, focuses on the development of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESPD) and the Kosovo and Iraqi crises. It then examines the evolution of foreign policies of key members of the Alliance as well as those of the so-called 'neutrals' since the end of the Cold War. The book examines the attitude of their respective countries vis-à-vis the issues of humanitarian intervention, the question of how to provide order and stability in a unipolar system, the emergence of a defence vocation within the EU and the relationship between ESDP and NATO. It also explains the reasons that led the George W. Bush administration to adopt a new strategy on the international scene and reviews the different way in which France and the UK conceptualise European security notwithstanding their common effort to develop ESPD. The book also explains the dynamism German foreign policy manifested since reunification, shows that Italy has not made a Euro-sceptic turn under the Berlusconi government and that there is a remarkable continuity in Italian foreign policy.
the rights articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) (1948) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (1966) (and its two optional protocols), and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (1966). 1 The UDHR is a nonbinding UN General Assembly resolution that represents the existing international consensus regarding the definition and importance of human rights in the post-World War II order. This is not to say that other human rights do not exist, only that those rights have