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Buddhist salvation and the
intergovernmental organisations like the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund, King Bhumibol anchored his kingship to the new gospel of development ( kwham phatthana ) (Fountain et al., 2015 : 41; see also Cullather, 2004 ). As with his predecessors, this move validated his mandate both in Thailand and abroad. During his reign, development thus followed the traditional flow of divinity, from high to low, from heaven to earth, from the capital to the periphery, from the monarch to his subjects in accordance with ‘nature’ (‘ thammachat ’), ‘that which arises from