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the beginning of the decade Mary Robinson was elected the Republic of Ireland’s first female president and her liberal pluralist perspective, together with a committed attachment to human rights reform and feminist causes, reflected the forward-looking attitudes of a younger generation. This was a decade during which long-running debates on divorce and abortion paved the way for new legislation that weakened the influence of the Catholic Church on matters of state and offered women more control over their private lives.3 This change marked a radical shift in how
1986 Kurt Waldheim elected President of Austria. 3 December 1990 Mary Robinson becomes first female President of the Irish Republic. 22 July 1991 New method of choosing president of Finland by direct election (using a two-ballot system) comes into effect. 30 January 1992 Haughey resigns as Ireland’s Prime Minister following allegations of wire-tapping. 13
Ireland relatively lightly.16 In contrast, Geldof and Bono operate as critical insiders who exploit a consumer appetite for Irish culture both to challenge and mobilise metropolitan audiences to redress the inequalities of globalisation. Both figures may emblematise the ‘new-Irish intersection of money, art and politics’,17 but they also represent dissenting voices. A comparison can be drawn between their central involvement in the ‘Make Poverty History’ campaign and the Robinson Presidency. Her election as the first female President of the Republic was regarded as an
sides of the Atlantic during the middle decades of the twentieth century. In a paper published in the American journal Marriage and Family Living , for example, Nadina R. Kavinoky, a Swiss-born gynaecologist and the first female president of the American National Council on Family Relations, claimed that individual and family mental stability depended on an appropriate mix of work, rest and recreation, a formula for health that also influenced post-war debates about safety and efficiency in transport industries. 70
drives and on the way that social development emerged in minute stages. Other, primarily female professionals also sought to promote new ideas about social development in children. Beatrice Edgell, the first British woman to obtain a doctorate in psychology and the first female president of the British Psychological Society (1929–32), was central in promoting all of these new