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, although this agency is often disregarded. The understanding of Gothic feminism as a ‘pretended weakness, a pose of innocent victim, a masquerade of asexual passivity’ overlooks the contrasting depictions of heroines and their male counterparts in situations of imprisonment, threats and violence. 78 I refer to ‘Gothic feminism’ as ‘passive feminism’ so as not to confuse ‘victim feminism’ with the feminist
, which are sometimes severe and arbitrary’, in The Orphan of the Rhine (London: The Folio Press, 1968), p. 127. 24 Scholarly accounts grounded in heteronormativity may inscribe these ideologies onto the texts; see particularly Diane Long Hoeveler’s arguments, influenced by psychoanalysis, that Gothic writers advocated victim