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Salonica in the late nineteenth century’, in U. Freitag, M. Fuhrmann, N. Lafi and F. Riedler (eds), The City in the Ottoman Empire: Migration and the Making of Urban Modernity (London: Routledge, 2011), pp. 177–89. 32 Mazower, The Balkans, p. 11. 33 Carnegie Endowment, Report of the International Commission, pp. 106–35, 155–7. 34 Dragostinova, Between Two Motherlands. 35 Kramer, Dynamic of Destruction, p. 139. 36 Fikret Adanir, ‘Non-Muslims in the Ottoman army and the Ottoman defeat in the Balkan War of 1912–1913’, in Ronald G. Suny, Fatma Go çek and Norman Naimark