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This chapter examines how violence is utilised in political transitions away from democratic consolidation towards hybrid forms. Using the case of post-communist Russia, three types of violence are identified. The first, ablation, occurred after the Russian Federation emerged as a proto-democracy. The second, scapegoating, came alongside Russia’s political reformulation in the late 1990s and early 2000s, driven by the authoritarian vision articulated by Vladimir Putin. The third is nullification. This accompanied the consolidation of the hybrid semi-authoritarian Russian state, and refers to an attempt to create external conditions favourable for regional hegemony. Each type differed in severity, linked directly to internal and existential threats, as well as the extent to which elites perceived their hold on power to be under challenge.
This book sets out to help unlock an intriguing interdisciplinary puzzle relating to violence: ‘what is the relationship between the instrumental uses of violence, including its main forms, and the willingness of states to employ it?’ In providing a counterweight to the notion that political violence has irrevocably changed in a globalised world, Violence and the State provides an original and innovative way to understand political violence across a range of discipline areas.