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- Author: Susan Buckingham x
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This chapter explores a number of areas where women have thereby tested and developed their rights to citizenship and, by extension, the reality of citizenship itself. It does so through an analysis of women's involvement in environmental action and their relationship to environmental problems. The chapter looks at environmental citizenship and the link between citizenship and the places. It explores the ways in which political identities (Lievesley's third modality) have been developed through environmental action, and how the ways in which this has been achieved may challenge dominant notions of citizenship. There are different scales at which this political process takes place and the chapter considers its development at the international and transnational scale, and, at the other end of the spectrum, at how women are making the links between the intensely local – or even bodily – scale and the trans- and international.
This book opens with a review of some of the significant themes concerning women's citizenship from the perspective of politics. It considers the environment in which women live and the identities they possess and how these characteristics contribute to the nature of their citizenship. The book analyses how its commitment to gender mainstreaming has affected the United Nations' activities, particularly with respect to environmental law. It addresses the nature of women's access to citizenship in the West through considering both women's unfair exposure to environmental problems (in that it is disproportionately negative compared to men's) and the strategies they adopt to redress this. The book considers active citizenship in the urban landscape. It examines women's citizenship in post-communist Russia, focusing on the Soldiers' Mothers' committee. Their existence constitutes an active part of Russia's nascent civil society. The collapse of soviet socialism has had some highly negative consequences for women, including under-representation in political institutions and growing unemployment. Since his election as president in 2000, Putin has sought to create a 'managed democracy' with the aim of co-opting or coercing civil society organisations. Despite this, and the fact that feminist and human rights discourses are quite weak in Russia today, the Soldiers' Mothers' committees continue to grow and have won respect and support.
Clearly politics, law and history are central to any understanding of citizenship and geography provides particular ways of spatialising discourses of citizenship, while urban design offers a way of showing how the intellectual concerns of women's citizenship can be planned for. This book provides a review of some of the significant themes concerning women's citizenship from the perspective of politics. This was very much part of the learning process that the authors went through as it provided us with a perspective core to the concept of citizenship from which we were able to gauge the 'state of the art' of our own disciplines. The book considers the environment in which women live and the identities they possess and how these characteristics contribute to the nature of their citizenship. Women have mobilised and organised in response to a variety of circumstances and problems and in defence of their rights to citizenship.
This book discusses a wide range of situations where women's citizenship is contested. Essentialist arguments about the nature of women seem at odds with legal-liberal concepts of citizenship which stress individual rights of citizens and argue that differences that might exist (religious, ethnic, gender, sexual) are irrelevant to acquisition of citizenship. Women have taken their grievances into a range of locations, the diversity of which is important if these are to be successfully addressed. Liberal citizenship theory should be regarded as problematic with respect to all groups, including women, who historically have been excluded from its purview and its practice. The issue of women's relationship to men with respect to the pursuit of rights needs to be considered here. Men are interested in many of the issues around which women mobilise: for example, fair trade, human rights, poverty and debt, environmental justice and sustainability, improved working conditions, peace and anti-racism.