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that the UK had joined in 1973 became the European Union in 1991, following the end of the Cold War. In 1985, five EC countries had signed the Schengen Agreement, creating a borderless area among them. In subsequent years, more countries joined and, by 2017, twenty-six of the twenty-eight EU members had abolished passport and border controls at their shared borders. But the UK and Ireland never joined the Schengen zone. When the 1993 Treaty of Maastricht called for creation of a monetary union – the Eurozone – the UK did not join. Despite these important
and political instability: fewer Muslims, fewer terrorists. In Marine Le Pen’s 2017 campaign, she warned of “two totalitarianisms”: globalization and Islamism. 7 A short list of her anti-globalist policies is: leave the EU, Eurozone and Schengen Area; restore French “sovereignty”; reduce immigration to 10,000 per year and carry out mass deportations; hire 15,000 new federal police officers; raise taxes on imports; lower domestic taxes; leave NATO’s integrated command; limit free education to French citizens only; reassert “French cultural identity.” Her campaign