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created was simply that the Muslim majority states, mainly in the north-west and Bengal, would go to Pakistan and the rest of the subcontinent to India, although the princely states (under the semi-autonomous rule of princes) were given the right to remain independent if they so desired. However, this meant that borders had to be drawn, a task performed by the Radcliffe Commission. In the event, partition caused much human suffering as a result of the tensions and hostilities which had flared up between the Hindus and the Muslims due to the communal politics of the
perspective,’ Security Studies 17:2 (2008): 322–62; I. Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement: The Growth of the Muslim League in North-West and North-East India 1937–47 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1988); H.J. Morgenthau, ‘Military illusions,’ New Republic 134:12 (1956): 15–16. 15 Ishtiaq Ahmed, Pakistan the Garrison State: Origins, Evolution, Consequences 1947–2011 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 73–8; Staniland, ‘Explaining civil-military relations.’ For a detailed account of the Radcliffe Commission, see A. Lamb