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those of European extraction, and treaties with states outside Europe (and America) were unequal, with the sovereignty and independence of the Ottoman Empire, China, Siam, Persia and Japan thereby limited. 13 Civilization linked with progress ‘became a scale by which the countries of the world were categorized into “civilized”, barbarous and savage spheres’, 14 a distinction adhered to by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws , 15 which was common among
Sznaider (eds.), Global America? The Cultural Consequences of Globalization , Liverpool, 2003; Patrick J. Hearden, Architects of Globalism. Building a New World Order during World War II , Fayetteville, AK, 2002; Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire. America’s Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe , Cambridge, MA, 2006
CARE, Box 1171, MBDM, April 22, 1964; for an extended perspective on US NGOs (including CARE) in the African Sahel region, see Gregory Mann, From Empires to NGOs in the West African Sahel. The Road to Nongovernmentality , Cambridge and New York, 2015. 52 CARE, Box 526, chronology of CARE, undated
. 9 Hall, Inventing the Nonprofit Sector , p. 102. 10 Michael N. Barnett, Empire of Humanity. A History of Humanitarianism , Ithaca, NY, 2011, pp. 161–219. 11 Dennis R. Young, “Complementary
Olivier Zunz, Philanthropy in America. A History , Princeton, NJ, 2012, pp. 137–46. 6 CARE, Box 1170, minutes of special meeting of the members, October 22, 1952. 7 Michael N. Barnett, Empire of Humanity. A History of Humanitarianism , Ithaca, NY
. 138 See, for example, Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire. America’s Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe , Cambridge, 2006. 139 Jeff R. Schutts, “Born Again in the Gospel of Refreshment? Coca-Colanization and the Re-Making of Postwar German Identity,” in David F. Crew (ed
Roger Louis, Ends of British Imperialism. The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization; Collected Essays , London, 2006; see essays on Suez, pp. 589–725; Muhammad Abd el-Wahab Sayed-Ahmed, Nasser and American Foreign Policy, 1952–1956 , London, 1989, pp. 97–145; Michael B. Oren, “Escalation to Suez: The Egypt-Israel Border War, 1949–56,” Journal of Contemporary
and Daniel G. Maxwell, Food Aid after Fifty Years. Recasting its Role , London and New York, 2005, pp. 18–19. 137 Michael N. Barnett, Empire of Humanity. A History of Humanitarianism , Ithaca, NY, 2011, pp. 102–5; Ahlberg, Transplanting the Great Society , pp. 24
, “The Sources of the Basic Human Needs Mandate,” Journal of Developing Areas 23.1 (1989), pp. 332–62. 69 On the situation in the Sahel region, see Gregory Mann, From Empires to NGOs in the West African Sahel. The Road to Nongovernmentality , Cambridge and New York, 2015; Joseph E. Thompson
days of its ‘golden age’, trailed behind the other Western countries. Yet all Spaniards were united by the memory of a glorious past, now symbolized by the possession of Cuba (the island had been claimed by Columbus for Spain in his very first voyage, of 1492). Cuba and the immense overseas empire were regarded as God’s gift to Spain for the Reconquista (the re-conquest) of Christian Spain from the Muslims and an integral part of the Spanish nation. 12