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particularly evident in the intellectual development of Hans Morgenthau, who was very much influenced by American political traditions and writings, and increasingly liberal in his take on international relations. First-generation realists and, even more, their successors could credibly describe themselves as Americans and be accepted as such by other Americans. These transplanted Germans and other Europeans became the dominant voice in IR theory. Through them, German thinking about international affairs entered American discourse, although over time it assumed an
theoretical realism in peacekeeping not only reflects the role and purpose of peacekeeping being at odds with the concerns of realist theorising but also reflects the internal intellectual development of peacekeeping studies – which, as Roland Paris argued some time ago, was conducive to microtheorising, with the result that generalisation in peacekeeping studies failed to connect with larger questions of world order and major debates within IR theory (Paris 2000 ). This trend has continued, despite the fact that peacekeeping operations have grown and proliferated to such
T HE STUDY OF THE role of the military in Southeast Asian security has, by and large, remained immune to intellectual developments in the wider field of security studies. This has created important blind-spots in our understanding of the military’s relationship with human security in the region. Where it has imported new ideas, traditional approaches to
community as they attract contributors to their intellectual development and proponents who urge their utility for policy makers. For the careful scholar, the worth of any new conceptualization must be proven through testing, typically by applying it to factual situations in defined periods, and comparing its explanatory power against competing theories. For the prudent policy maker, the validity of any
of the structure and functioning of the whole social body [. . . ] Every technical improvement creates a new complication to the economic apparatus, causes the appearance of new factors and combinations, which the masses cannot penetrate for a time. Every jump of technical progress leaves the relative intellectual development of the masses a step behind, and thus causes a fall in the politicalmaturity thermometer [. . . ] The peoples of Europe are still far from having mentally digested the consequences of the steam engine. The capitalism system will collapse
’s political economy, while seeing Kant as the founder of modern geography. He then traced a line through Baron Dietrich Heinrich von Bülow as the first exponent of geopolitics in 1799, and to Karl Ritter’s comparative geography. Organic views of the state were traced to Fichte and Hegel, and all of these ideas came together in the work of Friedrich Ratzel (although Strausz-Hupé’s timeline of Ratzel’s life and intellectual development is flawed). 44 Whittlesey started with Kant as the originator of the German idea of the state, including the unintended justification of