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Introduction Like all concepts in political theory, gender has a history. Unlike most of these concepts, though, the history of gender is comparatively short. The term itself originated in the nineteenth century, arising in the context of descriptive and diagnostic social sciences of human behaviour. It was only adopted into political theory, as a result of a political process of struggle, about 100
Artists from the West should constantly thank God that they were spared the experience that artists from former socialist countries had. — Natalia LL, 2015 The issue of gender, not to mention feminism, in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe remains complicated and fraught. Prior to 1989, the ‘woman question’ was largely considered to have been resolved throughout the region on an official level, with gender equality a stated priority of socialist governments. 1 Across the East, women benefited from equal access to jobs, childcare and often equal pay
4 •• Gender In Chapter 1 we saw that the Exhibition was often presented as a triumph for what Auerbach (1999) has termed ‘sophisticated organisation’ and a group of ‘capable men’. This was part of a careful strategy designed to reassure the press and public. The physical arrangement of objects within the Crystal Palace, however, could not match the theoretical system. The mismatch between design and realisation suggests to Isobel Armstrong that ‘an anxiety of taxonomy is evident throughout Exhibition rhetorics, acknowledging that it could not be a monologic
Introduction The international community contributed nearly US$31 billion to humanitarian assistance in 2020, a figure that has steadily risen over the last half decade ( DI, 2021 ). Within bilateral and multilateral funding circles, there has been a strong and growing emphasis on the importance of understanding and responding to gender inequalities in emergency settings. For instance, recognising that conflicts and disasters affect people across various genders, ages and backgrounds differently, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of
40 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS 2 Gender mainstreaming: conceptual links to institutional machineries kathleen staudt We enter the new millennium with a quarter-century of experience in reflection and practice about women and subsequently gender in development. This experience builds on the voices of many diverse people who share stakes in and support a broad definition of development, used here to mean the enhancement of human capacity in a world that sustains, rather than undermines, its natural resources.1 Such enhancement can hardly occur in a world lacking good
. In these spaces, the intersectional threats – that is, compounding and distinctive forms of marginalisation and risk 2 – faced by non-white (especially local) staff, those of diverse sexual orientations, gender identities and expressions and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) or those with disabilities are often not factored in. Conversely, threats to (white) women staff are cast as a kind of ‘stranger danger’ – emanating from non-white locals and militant actors rather than
118 6 Gendering swimming It is almost 9 a.m. on a cloudy morning in June 2009. My friend, Jenny, and I are standing on the pebble beach of Dover harbour, stripping down to the swimming costumes we put on under our clothes when we got dressed this morning. Another fifty or so swimmers are also there – both relays and solo swimmers – most training for English Channel crossings that season. A six-hour swim today for the solo swimmers. Jenny and I are a little late, and we can hear the shouts and laughs of swimmers already entering the water. We apply thick
A few months before it was proscribed in December 2016, National Action provocatively ran what it called the Miss Hitler 2016 beauty pageant. Primarily a stunt for media attention featuring online images of female activists performing Hitler salutes, it revealed some important aspects of the gendered dynamics of the extreme right. Though deeply misogynistic in tone, as well as antisemitic, it
Case studies: Omar Gatlato (Merzak Allouache, 1976), La Nouba des femmes du Mont Chenoua (Assia Djebar, 1978), La Citadelle (Mohamed Chouikh, 1988) Gender is one of the most vexed questions in modern Algeria and has been approached in diverse films of different genres
offensiveness has frequently been equated with an expression of misogyny on the part of the director, which is seen as a reductive and aggressive attitude towards the female subject, and by extension the female spectator. There is considerable evidence, at least on a surface level, to support this view; what it fails to take account of, however, is that Blier’s preferred modes of gender representation which, as we have seen