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The crucial importance of land as the source of wealth for noble and gentry society has been underlined in the discussion of both marriage and the family. As far as women’s landholding is concerned, the significance of land is emphasised by the sheer amount of surviving evidence, although the nature of the sources varies over time. Women as landholders are found in the Domesday Survey
Edward Said has famously said that the main battle in imperialism was that over land, who owned it, who had the right to settle and work on it. 1 During the period under review this question was to the fore in Ireland and, as will be described, was crucial to Punjab’s history and generated effects which reverberate in the twenty-first century. 2 This chapter and the two
This book provides an introduction to how the Länder (the sixteen states of Germany) function, not only within the country itself, but also within the wider context of Europe's political affairs. It looks at the Länder in the constitutional order of the country, as well as their political and administrative systems, and also discusses their organisation and administration, together with their financial administration. Finally, the book looks at the role of political parties and elections in the Länder, and considers the importance of their parliaments.
3 Land and reform Land and the Irish revolution Would the people migrate to richer lands? ‘They might and they might not’, one visitor to Connemara wrote in February 1924, ‘the truth being that it would require an infantry brigade to move them from the barren rocks.’1 Why in places of such poverty was there such a reluctance to leave the land? Why was land, and more specifically the possession and ownership of land, so prized and venerated in the west? Here the number of written assumptions that Ireland’s land question was resolved before the Irish
chap 4 27/5/03 11:54 am Page 141 4 The Land constitutions Introduction For almost forty years after the federal Constitution went into effect, little attention was paid to state (Land) constitutions in Germany. Amendments were made on numerous occasions, but these were almost always rather minor changes or technical corrections and did not arouse much controversy. At the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, this changed dramatically for two major reasons. A scandal in SchleswigHolstein in 1987 involving allegations that the prime minister
chap 9 27/5/03 11:57 am Page 289 9 Elections in the Länder Introduction Five phases can be distinguished in the development of political parties in the Länder. The first phase, from 1945 to 1953, was the period during which older parties were reestablished, e.g., SPD, and new parties were founded, e.g., the refugee party (BHE), CDU, and FDP (although the CDU has its roots in the old Center Party [Zentrum] and the FDP could be traced back to liberal parties of the Empire and Weimar Republic). The second phase, from 1953 to 1969, saw the developing
7 The land market anatomised Whilst impersonal economic forces shaped the land market, it was also the sum of hundreds if not thousands of individual decisions by property owners as to how best to use their land, whether to acquire more or sell what they already had, whether to bequeath all to a single heir or distribute land amongst several children or kin. The logic underpinning these individual decisions is largely lost to us, but by looking at the behaviour of individual copyholders, we can hope to establish something of the rationale underpinning the
6 The land market quantified For all the richness of English property records, describing the changing possession of land and the operation of early modern land markets is far from easy.1 The lack of any central registration of land titles or cadastres describing the ownership and occupation of land for taxation purposes deprives historians of systematic records. For these and other reasons historians have come to rely on copyhold land transactions. Here, the manorial court acts as a registry of conveyances, and provides a means of entry into the land market
130 9 Taming the land Day after day a number of peasants in both hamlets, displaced and non-displaced, engage in physically exhausting activities which bring little or no returns. Their days start before the dawn and campesinos often continue working tirelessly until it gets dark. They pick the thorny blackberry bushes twice a week, rain or shine. The heavy boxes of tree tomatoes test their endurance and strength. Their feet may get trapped in the rocks on the steep rocky terrain while they stretch high to bring the few Arabica coffee plants that have not
MUP FINAL PROOF – <STAGE>, 08/01/2013, SPi 7 Fergus Campbell: Land and Revolution revisited The book Land and Revolution examines the development of the land question, and its relationship to the evolution of nationalist politics, in Ireland between the fall of Parnell in 1891 and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921.1 The book tells the story of nationalist politics and radical agrarian activity in the west of Ireland largely through a detailed case study of east Galway between the early 1890s and 1921. Although other case studies are introduced from