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13 Latin America george philip It is possible to argue that Latin America is no more than a geographical expression, and that, rather than trying to generalize across a range of different countries, we need to focus on the history of the individual republics. Certainly there are significant differences within the region, and path dependency is a factor in determining particular political outcomes. However, there are important similarities within the region as well. All Latin American political systems are presidential. No Latin American country has achieved a
Introduction Populism is viewed by many as a negative concept. Donald Rumsfeld, one time United States Secretary for Defence under President George W. Bush, in a speech given in March 2006, expressed his concern about Latin Americans turning to ‘populist leadership … that clearly are worrisome’. Alejandro Toledo ex-president of Peru (2001–06) believes that ‘cheap empty populism is the danger to democracy’. 1 The Economist warns that ‘populists are leading Latin America down a blind alley’ 2 while British
Latin America more broadly and South America specifically provide the platform on which Brazilian foreign policy architects positioned their main lever for attempting to shift structural power frameworks and the pursuit of their country’s particular brand of international insertion. Central to this has been a continental strategic reality particularly propitious for the consensual hegemonic style of leadership sought by Brazil over the last quarter century. While there have been occasional armed contretemps between South American states, the most serious
Latin America has been a complex laboratory for the development of international investment law. While some governments and non-state actors have remained true to the Latin American tradition of resistance towards the international investment law regime, other governments and actors sought to accommodate said regime in the region. Consequently, a profusion of theories and doctrines, too often embedded in clashing narratives, has emerged. In Latin America, the practice of international investment law is the vivid amalgamation, not uniform but sharply fragmentary, of the practice of the governments sometimes resisting sometimes welcoming the mainstream approaches; the practice of the lawyers assisting foreign investors from outside and within the region; and the practice of civil society, indigenous peoples, and other actors in their struggle for human rights and sustainable development. Latin America and international investment law describes the complex roles that governments have played vis-à-vis foreign investors and investments, the refreshing but clashing forces that international organizations, corporations, civil society, and indigenous peoples have imprinted to the field; the contribution that Latin America has made to the development of the theory and practice of international investment law – notably in fields in which the Latin American experience has been traumatic: human rights and sustainable development. The authors are not only lawyers but also political scientists, not only academics but also practitioners. To the theory of international investment law, Latin American scholars have been contributing for over a century – and resting on the shoulders of true giants, Latin America and international investment law aims at pushing this contribution a little further.
Introduction It is argued in this chapter that international investment law does what it does by virtue of its ambivalent relationship towards universality. With a specific emphasis on Latin American legal thought and practice, it is particularly shown in the following sections how international investment law come to simultaneously accommodate
Latin America–European Union relations in the twenty-first century provides a valuable overview in English of transatlantic trade agreement negotiations and developments in the first decades of the twenty-first century. The collection examines key motivations behind trade agreements, traces the evolution of negotiations and explores some of the initial impacts of new-generation trade agreements with the EU on South American countries. The book makes an important contribution to our understanding of relations between these regions by contextualising relations and trade agendas within the frames of both domestic political and economic policies and broader global trends. It demonstrates the importance of a shift towards mega-regional trade agreements in the 2010s, particularly under the Obama Administration in the United States, in shaping South American and European agendas for trade agreement negotiations and in explaining the timing and outcomes of these. Various chapter investigate in detail the relations with MERCOSUR, the Andean states, Chile and Mexico in particular, as these countries have negotiated new generation trade agreements with the EU. Other contributions offer an overarching panorama of EU–Latin American relations, including parliamentary and civil society relations. The net result is a balanced analysis of contemporary EU relations with South America.
transit in Montevideo during the 1960s. This was a key moment for the configuration of revolutionary thought, as well as for the consolidation of a new radical left in Uruguay and, more broadly, in Latin America. The chapter examines an aspect scarcely touched in the historiography of the Uruguayan armed left, contributing to the study of transnational links between New Left movements during the years of
Maoist imaginaries in Latin American art Ana Longoni In the 1960s, in a moment of extreme political tension, arguments between realism and the avant-garde were re-ignited in the Latin American art world. On the one hand, influential experimental movements were gaining momentum in several Latin American countries. On the other hand, a violent campaign in favour of socialist realism was unfolding as communists criticised maverick artists for being ‘ludic’ and ‘decadent’.1 But their criticism was not monolithic. Events such as the Cuban Revolution, the Chinese
in today’s globalized economy, which they helped to shape. 3 Latin America and the significant growth experienced in several countries in the region, in turn, has been an important catalyst of foreign investment, and foreign investment has played a key role in the development and the economic life of the region. 4 In light of these considerations, combined with the fact that Latin American states have been
Introduction Upon the consolidation of television in 1960s, telenovelas 1 became the main cultural product in Brazil and all over Latin America – especially those produced by Globo – and achieved high ratings in prime-time slots. However, in recent years, another TV channel, Record TV, has been trying a different strategy, that of biblical telenovelas. Since 2010, Record TV has produced telenovelas and TV series alike which focus on biblical stories to attract new audiences. Up to 2017, biblical telenovelas Record TV broadcast included: A História de