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April 1877 upon hearing of Austen Henry Layard’s appointment as Ambassador to Constantinople. The elevation of the adventurer-turned-politician to top diplomat worried Gladstone. He believed that Layard would do little to promote civil and legal reform in the Ottoman Empire, a cause that the former prime minister argued should comprise a centrepiece of British diplomacy. Gladstone personally had led the
of new territories and the officially acknowledged status of the Ottoman Empire as one of the defeated powers gave Britain the opportunity – and to some extent the legitimacy – to extend its influence in an area already surrounded by British imperial possessions. From the middle of the nineteenth century, Britain had started to conclude exclusive treaties and agreements with the subsequently named Trucial States on the Persian Gulf shore as well as in Persia and Afghanistan. By the outbreak of the First World War, Cyprus, Aden and Egypt, which had been under
Turkish facing east is about the importance of Turkey’s relations with its Eastern neighbours – Azerbaijan, Armenia and the Soviet Union - during the emergence of the modern Turkish nation-state from the ruins of the Ottoman Empire. The originality of Turkey facing east lies in part in its theoretically informed analysis of history exploring the causal links between the construction of a modern nation-state, secular identity and nationalised foreign policy during the transition from an Islamic Empire to a modern state. The role of the Islamic legacy, territorial unity and national identity construction are re-examined in order to understand the complexity of a long historical and sociological process. Hence, the principal strength of this book is that not only it combines historical and theoretical arguments in order to provide a better understanding of the foreign relations of a Muslim country from a critical and interdisciplinary perspective but also applies the new approach to the analysis of Turkish foreign policy towards the South Caucasus between 1918 and 1921. Turkey facing east stands out with its original interdisciplinary approach to the critical analysis of Turkish transition and foreign policy making that offers perspectives on the extant possibilities for the particular transitional states resulting from the Arab spring uprisings.
This volume brings together three little-known works by key playwrights from the
late sixteenth-century golden age of English drama. All three convey the public
theatre’s fascination with travel and adventure through the popular genre of
heroic romance, while reflecting the contemporaries’ wide range of responses to
cross-cultural contacts with the Muslim East and the Mediterranean challenges
posed by the Ottoman empire.
The volume presents the first modern-spelling
editions of the three plays, with extensive annotations catering for specialised
scholars while also making the texts accessible to students and theatregoers. A
detailed introduction discusses issues of authorship, dates and sources, and
sets the plays in their historical and cultural contexts, offering exciting
insights on Elizabethan performance strategies, printing practices, and the
circulation of knowledge and stereotypes related to ethnic and religious
difference.
Halit Refiğ had impact on debates around Turkish national cinema both as a thinker and as a practitioner. Instrumental in establishing the Turkish Film Institute under MSU along with his director colleagues like Metin Erksan and Lutfi Akad, Refiğ lectured for many years at the first cinema training department. This translation is from his 1971 collection of articles titled Ulusal Sinema Kavgasi (Fight For National Cinema). Here Refiğ elaborates on the concept of national cinema from cultural perspectives framing Turkey as a continuation of Ottoman Empire and its culture distinct and different from western ideas of capitalism, bourgeoisie art and Marxism. For Refiğ, Turkish cinema should be reflected as an extension of traditional Turkish arts. Refiğ explores the potential to form a national cinema through dialogue,and dialectic within Turkish traditional arts and against western cinematic traditions of representation.
that intertwined with anti-Russian sentiments in the West ( Sasson, 2016 ). On the Eastern front, the emergence of the Turkish National Movement and territorial disputes in the Ottoman Empire resulted in the first genocide of the 20th century; humanitarian operations to assist Christian minorities mobilized Western countries that remained active in the region until after the 1919–22 Greco-Turkish war ( Laycock and Piana, 2020 ). The Near East became a strategic issue for Western powers in the new era of multilateral diplomacy sparked by the creation of the League of
v 14 v Becoming and unbecoming refugees: the long ordeal of Balkan Muslims, 1912–34 Uğur Ümit Üngör Introduction: the Balkan Wars as a watershed The twin Balkan Wars of 1912–13 truncated the Ottoman Empire and sparked more than a decade of population politics in the region. Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria wrested large territories from the Ottomans and expelled hundreds of thousands of Muslims from those lands. As the conflicts escalated into total warfare, defenceless civilians were assaulted by all sides: Muslims under Bulgarian and Greek rule, and Christians
set of lectures read before the Philosophical Society at its own request, Freeman had felt that ‘it would have been obviously out of place to do more than point the political moral of the story in a general way’. 5 Still, in tracing out the basic currents of Oriental history, Freeman argued that Islam posed a barrier to progress, that Muslim rule over Christians should not be tolerated, and that British support of the Ottoman Empire was misguided. By comparison, Freeman wrote the Ottoman Power in political circumstances which he believed required urgent action
economic reasons. Some of the newly founded states in south-east Europe and even the time-honoured Ottoman Empire used classical quarantines in order to underscore their claims to sovereignty. Terrestrial quarantines were arranged subsequently alongside a border line ; maritime quarantines, on the other hand, were organized pointwise and limited to individual harbours at which vessels with a foreign provenance had to call. Maritime quarantines therefore were also suitable for extended uses, although the level of control was not as high as in the case of terrestrial
change course and help free south-eastern Europe from Turkish rule arrived, in Freeman’s opinion, with the Great Eastern Crisis. Beginning with the Slavic revolt against the Ottoman Empire in 1875, the Crisis escalated with the Turkish massacre of 15,000 Bulgarians in 1876 and the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War the following year. As Disraeli consistently refused to intervene in the conflicts, Freeman’s assessment of the situation became increasingly hysterical. In this chapter I examine Freeman’s private correspondence, public speeches, letters to the national