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Policing Youth probes beneath the media sensationalism surrounding youth crime in order to evaluate the workings of juvenile justice and the relationship between young people and practitioners in a key era of social change (1945-70). The work of state representatives – the police, magistrates and probation officers - is mapped alongside models of discipline within families, neighbourhoods, schools and churches as well as the growing commercial sector of retail and leisure. Youth culture is considered alongside the social and moral regulation of everyday life.
The books uses a rich seam of sources – including criminal statistics, court registers, news coverage, contemporary surveys, autobiography, documentary and feature film – to reconstruct the relationship between national policy and local interventions. In so doing, it is offers an important comparison of England and Scotland, whose differences were formalised through separate legal and educational systems, whilst acknowledging the importance of region and municipality. It combines quantitative research methods with textual and spatial analysis, highlighting the significance of the material environment (including the post-war rebuilding of cities) in the management of young people’s behaviours. It shows that the period 1945-1970 saw a shift in modes of governance, as an increasing emphasis on young people’s capacity for self-determination was accompanied by more rigorous techniques of spatial restriction, exclusion and delimitation. Individual chapters focus on: police officers, the court system, violence, home and community, sexuality, commercial leisure, and reform.
Introduction As addressed by the other chapters in this section, the relationship between ‘civil society’ and ‘rural quality of life’ is complex. We analyse the quality of life and civil participation of Norwegian rural youth in the context of ageing rural demographics and the consequential shrinking rural populations, which is an
This monograph provides a history of popular media representations of Italian youth from 1958 to 1975, the period that is commonly regarded as marking the birth of a distinctive youth culture in Italy. Analysing youth-oriented media products such as teen magazines, Musicarelli films and television programmes, it explores the way in which a ‘youth’ category was constructed, contested and transformed in Italian popular culture. To do so, this study examines discourses around young people’s style and bodily practices: by looking at visual and written representations of trends conceived for a young audience, it investigates changes in the social construction of Italian youth’s political, generational, national, ethnic and gendered identity.
Fashioning Italian youth has three main objectives. First, it demonstrates how popular media contributed to identifying youth as a separate category in Italian society. The book traces a fundamental transformation from 1958 to the mid-1970s, namely the passage from the representation of a homogenous youth culture strongly influenced by global trends, to the fragmentation of this unitary construction, and the emergence of multiple Italian youth identities in the mid-1970s. Second, this monograph explores the relationship between media representations of Italian youth identity and the changing societal perceptions of youth in Italy during the 1960s and 1970s. The chronological analysis connects the emergence of different trends – such as the beat and the hippie trend – to historical accounts of youth culture nationally and globally. Third, this study explores the transnational dynamiThis monograph provides a history of popular media representations of Italian youth from 1958 to 1975, the period that is commonly regarded as marking the birth of a distinctive youth culture in Italy. Analysing youth-oriented media products such as teen magazines, Musicarelli films and television programmes, it explores the way in which a ‘youth’ category was constructed, contested and transformed in Italian popular culture. To do so, this study examines discourses around young people’s style and bodily practices: by looking at visual and written representations of trends conceived for a young audience, it investigates changes in the social construction of Italian youth’s political, generational, national, ethnic and gendered identity.
Fashioning Italian youth has three main objectives. First, it demonstrates how popular media contributed to identifying youth as a separate category in Italian society. The book traces a fundamental transformation from 1958 to the mid-1970s, namely the passage from the representation of a homogenous youth culture strongly influenced by global trends, to the fragmentation of this unitary construction, and the emergence of multiple Italian youth identities in the mid-1970s. Second, this monograph explores the relationship between media representations of Italian youth identity and the changing societal perceptions of youth in Italy during the 1960s and 1970s. The chronological analysis connects the emergence of different trends – such as the beat and the hippie trend – to historical accounts of youth culture nationally and globally. Third, this study explores the transnational dynamics that contributed to the construction of a specifically Italian youth culture.
was commonly defined by their unmarried state, indicated by the descriptive terms ‘maiden’ (English), Maget (German) or bun (Welsh). Records in a broad range of European vernaculars also show the widespread use of the descriptive terms ‘young’ and ‘youths’. There is little to be gained from trying to pin these terms down precisely. As today, they were flexible enough to cover a range of ages from
media’s construction of political giovani . First, the Italian political system became increasingly interested in young people as potential voters. In the early 1970s, political parties started to publish advertisements in youth-oriented magazines and create slogans to attract young people. This was provoked by the debate around the proposed law that would lower the age of majority from twenty-one to
1 Looking at youth Y outh assumed an important metaphorical significance in the interwar years, particularly in the early 1920s as nationalist, political, religious and military movements across Europe idealised young people as a force for change and moral regeneration, and educated and politicised youth gave literary vent to ‘grievances’ which helped to shape an ‘unprecedented’ opposition of ‘the young’ and ‘the old’.1 This chapter focuses on these generational issues and gender ambiguities by considering the significance that the energy and vitality of
9 A youth subculture of drinking P ub and club going would become a mainstay of youth culture beginning in the 1980s, with four-fifths of all youths visiting them during the year. The fifteen- to twenty-four-year-olds were ten times more likely to go pubbing or clubbing than other age groups. Half of this age cohort frequented these venues at least monthly, with city centres of huge Northern cities – Liverpool, Manchester and Leeds, the club heartland – easily outdistancing London. From the mid-1990s, introduction of dance music revolutionized night clubs
5 Male youth, work and leisure, 1918–39: a continuity in lifestyle T he interwar period witnessed a shift in attitudes towards the longstanding ‘problem’ of male youth leisure. As with the Victorian period, working-class youths were regarded with suspicion by the authorities, who worried that the latest degenerate leisure craze could result in tomorrow’s national failing. However, the difference from the Victorian era lay in the methodologies employed to investigate male youth behaviour. For the first time, thanks to new research emanating from the United
2 Youth subcultures The New Left cultures that emerged around the VSC in the mid-1960s grew from radical subcultures young activists shaped earlier in the decade. Encounters with these subcultures often occurred in adolescence, the transitional period contemporaries generally regarded as spanning the years between fourteen and twenty-one, between childhood and legal adult age. For most young activists entry into the network around the VSC coincided with the first years of university, so that earlysixties subcultures bridged the social and psychological
4 Rock Against Racism, youth culture and multiculturalism Some of the most vehement criticisms of RAR are concerned in one way or another with the organisation’s cultural basis. Some critics, as we have seen, have drawn attention to the narrow cultural range that came to define RAR’s activities, both in terms of the number of musical genres represented at concerts and the ethnic boundaries that were implicit in these choices. It has been argued that these limits were not, in some unproblematic way, an unavoidable by-product of a campaign that pursued