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Most people would agree that the hospital functions as one of the 'first duties of an organized society' as a public service for those members of the community who are in need. In the thirteenth century, hospitals represented a nexus of exchange between church officials, the community, the needy, and the pious or ambitious individual. This book presents a survey that offers an overview of the role of the hospital in affairs of the urban community, suggesting how changes within that community were reflected in the activities of the hospital. It locates the rise of the hospital movement in northern Italy within the context of the changing religious, social, and political environment of the city-states. The book introduces the hospital's central function in the distribution and administration of charity. It illustrates how the hospital and other charitable organizations played a role in the appropriation of power and influence by urban citizens. A comprehensive investigation of twelfth and thirteenth century hospitals' foundational charters follows. The book then delves into a detailed description of the physical plant of the hospital, the daily life of individuals, and rules and statutes followed by its members. It considers the social composition of donors, workers, and recipients of hospital services. Jurisdictional disputes among the city leaders, the community, individual religious orders, ecclesiastical authorities, and larger political forces. Finally, the book explores the process of consolidation and bureaucratization of hospitals in the fifteenth century and the emergence of state control over social services.
addition, the complaint stated that Bornago was believed to have accumulated debts for the hospital and had used hospital income for personal gain. He was also said to have mismanaged the land owned by the hospital so that land had gone fallow and buildings were abandoned. 42 Bornago again prevailed and was acquitted. He served as minister of the hospital for another ten years and ultimately was appointed to the hospitals consolidation committee by the duke in 1445. 43 Ecclesiastical intervention for political purposes in the appointment of
demonstrate the critical role of healthcare systems – their modus operandi and their governance culture – in determining the direction and pace of change in hospital infection control. Hospital management for efficiency and effectiveness Hospitals consolidated their dominance in the healthcare systems of high-income economies (and in public expectations) in the second half of the twentieth century. It was careful planning and media savviness that had Minister of Health Aneurin Bevan photographed alongside a bed-bound hospital patient on the first day of the British