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This study explores the normative dimension of the evolving role of the United Nations in peace and security and, ultimately, in governance. What is dealt with here is both the UN's changing raison d'être and the wider normative context within which the organisation is located. The study looks at the UN through the window of one of its most contentious, yet least understood, practices: active involvement in intra-state conflicts as epitomised by UN peacekeeping. Drawing on the conceptual tools provided by the ‘historical structural’ approach, it seeks to understand how and why the international community continuously reinterprets or redefines the UN's role with regard to such conflicts. The study concentrates on intra-state ‘peacekeeping environments’, and examines what changes, if any, have occurred to the normative basis of UN peacekeeping in intra-state conflicts from the early 1960s to the early 1990s. One of the original aspects of the study is its analytical framework, where the conceptualisation of ‘normative basis’ revolves around objectives, functions and authority, and is closely connected with the institutionalised values in the UN Charter such as state sovereignty, human rights and socio-economic development.
coverage, but not of social impact; the number of reviews, but not of artistic quality. This kind of quantitative abstraction and the general arbitrariness of cultural bureaucracies is criticised by Pascal Gielen because ’once the abstraction is made, literally anything can be related to anything else, and relationships therefore become relative and interchangeable too’ (Gielen 2013 : 26). However, Gielen's criticism of neoliberal systems of measurement supports a preference for institutionalised value regimes, as for him ‘rising up, or creating something (…) needs a
.e., provide a logic of action (Hanf and Jansen 1998:4). Organisations are concerned with action, i.e., with mobilisation of resources to achieve certain goals and pursue specific values. Institutionalised values create, influence and develop organisational practices. One is thus led to the conclusion that organisational changes in themselves would not be sufficient to achieve integrated governance. Value changes that enhance an ecologically benign interplay between structures and agents must somehow be injected into the organisation of ecological governance to ‘influence
with them. Precluded, therefore, are institutionalised value patterns that deny some people the status of full partners in interaction – whether by burdening them with excessive ascribed ‘difference’ or by failing to acknowledge their distinctiveness. Both the objective condition and the intersubjective condition are necessary for participatory parity. Neither alone is sufficient. The objective condition brings into focus concerns traditionally associated with the theory of distributive justice, especially concerns pertaining to the economic structure of society and
[one] that is not abstract. Historical life thus escapes the alternative of taking place either in individuals or in abstract generalities. Society is the universal which, at the same time, is concretely alive. Garfinkel similarly stressed the role of social interaction as a process – as against accounts of the social world that treat it as determined by fixed structures, whether institutionalised values and norms, on the one hand, or the psychological characteristics of individuals, on the other. For him, contingency is the characteristic feature of social
did not easily allow for UN and non-UN humanitarian action. As Donini puts it, ‘cross border humanitarian assistance was basically taboo for the UN since it was tantamount to a violation of sovereignty’. 90 In other words, the dominant interpretations of institutionalised values (Charter principles) tended to resist the ideational changes slowly taking place as a result of strengthening
, leadership was essential to sustain a wider liberal public. Private support for art could not last beyond the death or departure of the patron. In Liverpool, private art associations had struggled and collapsed through the lack of a public spirit. In response, Roscoe sought to create a new moral public order that would institutionalise values of ‘correct’ taste and collective virtue. The evidence of Roscoe’s influence can be seen in the formation of the LRI art gallery in 1819. This was an important landmark in British art gallery history. While almost all of the other
early twenty-first century. This indicates that notwithstanding these attempts to change the way we view Beethoven, the above-mentioned institutionalised values continue to grant Beethoven's late works an exceptional status, and the way we play and hear this music has not fundamentally changed at all. None of that is to say that these values cannot be challenged, or that the historically informed performance movement, which has often claimed to engage with historical practices, is necessarily best equipped to do so. Already in 1952 the Végh Quartet
political economy Foucault achieves in terms of the critique of humanity and human nature relations by applying Nietzsche’s ideas on power, morality and genealogy to the history of institutionalised values. See ‘De l’archéologie à la dynastique’ in Dits et écrits I , pp. 1273–84. Marx and Nietzsche theoretically dismantle the legal relations underpinning traditional idealism and the