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migrants themselves, Bustamante brought the language of international human rights into discussions of conditions for immigrants in the US. The activists, clergy and attorneys who talked with Bustamante were invited to participate in an international community of rights that extended past US borders. Indeed, an attempt to invoke international law in defence of immigrants’ right to
This volume aims to disclose the political, social and cultural factors that influenced the sanitary measures against epidemics developed in the Mediterranean during the long nineteenth century. The contributions to the book provide new interdisciplinary insights to the booming field of ‘quarantine studies’ through a systematic use of the analytic categories of space, identity and power. The ultimate goal is to show the multidimensional nature of quarantine, the intimate links that sanitary administrations and institutions had with the territorial organization of states, international trade, the construction of national, colonial, religious and professional identities or the configuration of political regimes. The circum-Mediterranean geographical spread of the case studies contained in this volume illuminates the similarities and differences around and across this sea, on the southern and northern shores, in Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, Italian, English and French-speaking domains. At the same time, it is highly interested in engaging in the global English-speaking community, offering a wide range of terms, sources, bibliography, interpretative tools and views produced and elaborated in various Mediterranean countries. The historical approach will be useful to recognize the secular tensions that still lie behind present-day issues such as the return of epidemics or the global flows of migrants and refugees.
In his essay on the role of law in legitimising imperial rule in the Americas, Peter Fitzpatrick assesses the impact of Francisco de Vitoria's early sixteenth-century work, De Indis , on perceptions of governance and control in the ‘new world’. 2 In part of his wide-ranging assessment, Fitzpatrick argues that European concepts of international law in the age of imperial expansion were designed to justify the subjugation of the peoples encountered in new-found lands while, at the same time, ‘accommodating’ them ‘within the fold of [European] civilization’. 3 As
street emerged. The place of the individual in relation to the public’s health is approached from a very different perspective by Beatrix Hoffman, in Chapter 5 . Hoffman examines historically the treatment of immigrant and migrant publics’ right to health under international law. Hoffman looks at the ways the judicial protection of human rights was unevenly applied, with non
which they can or cannot enter. Depending on how a person, their health or origin is classified, medical inspection is either carried out relative to the Immigration Act 1971, particularly in the case of non-EEA migrants, or under other public health laws relating to ports.11 Under both sets of laws medical inspections are primarily overseen by local authorities, who ‘maintain a sanitary border ... defined by national and international law’.12 Individuals are categorised using the results of x-ray or laboratory test results, and clinical diagnoses of Port Medical
confinement measures usually practised by physicians.76 His second intervention took place on the occasion of the eleventh congress of the Institut de Droit International (Lausanne, 28 September 1888). Proposing a project for an international sanitary convention to revise the ‘current system of international sanitary policy’ on bases which were ‘irrefutable by experimental science’, Landa summed up the different international law initiatives of the second half of the nineteenth century that had helped to suppress or attenuate the ‘useless The case of Nicasio Landa 187
increasing reports that the diagnosis of autism could be applied to wider groups of children and adults as part of a spectrum, and led to questions being raised about the ‘autism epidemic’. There is, of course, an irony to this situation because just as national and international law began to isolate and clarify the rights of people with autism, the number of people with autism began
control which they anticipated would hinder free movement through the Canal. However, at the Paris Commission as at the Sanitary Conference, Britain was alone in its plans for the Canal, and a convention, ‘largely directed against Britain’, was drawn up in early summer 1885, imposing international laws upon passage through the Canal.67 Much of the deliberations at the Paris meeting were led by the French and the animosity felt between France and Britain in Paris was mirrored in the proceedings at Rome. Thorne Thorne, who kept regular correspondence with Buchanan, Chief
allied losses was 4,338, which was probably too low because the French always under-reported their losses. The British army did not recover until the following spring and the Russian army never really recovered. But it was a pyrrhic victory for the allies, and as the bad weather set in and desertions from the allied camps increased, Raglan desperately needed more soldiers. Unable to recruit men at home, the British government was forced to hire mercenary soldiers. By the 1850s international law deemed recruiting foreign soldiers a breach of neutrality, which made this