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Labour migration has become one of the hot topics in Europe, especially since 2000 with the shift from restriction to managed migration. This book provides an account of policy change over labour migration in Europe during this new era of governance. It has implications for debates about the contemporary governance of labour migration in Europe, and questions about the impact of an emergent EU migration regime in the context of a globalising labour market. The key findings offer a deeper understanding of the linkages between those engaged in policymaking and the kinds of communities that produce usable knowledge.
favour of private sector capital accumulation and a narrowing network of business elites. 15 As a result, impoverishment in the rural peripheries increased substantially, and labour migration to Lebanon began to shift from an “opportunity” for building a better future back home, to a basic survivalist strategy. The remainder of this chapter will examine those former Ba
2 Labour migration policy theory – the state of the art Introduction What do we know about government policies in Europe over labour migration, and how can we understand the ways they have changed so dramatically in Europe since the late 1990s? This chapter interrogates the literature on policy theory and labour migration, building on various approaches and ideas to develop a novel way of looking at policymaking. The chapter has three main aims: first, to critically examine existing theories of migration policy-making and evaluate their accounts of the policy
). Labour migration and Jordan–GCC cooperation As in the case of Egypt, the need to export labour was evident early on for Jordanian policymakers – in this case, this was primarily due to the state's own limited resources and successive waves of Palestinian refugees. In its early decades following independence, the country was a target of external revenue from the British government, which would fund over 50% of Transjordan's budget. The country's strategic position in the Eastern Mediterranean, as well as its importance in guarding the passage to
6 The EU and labour migration policy-making in the UK and Spain Introduction The key questions this chapter tackles are to what extent the EU impacts on debate over policy at the national level, how this impact is mediated by domestic structures and what kinds of effects it has. In order to answer these questions, the chapter first considers what might be meant by the Europeanisation of immigration policy. This is then followed by a brief analysis of the emerging EU migration regime before the impact of the EU on national policy-making in the UK and Spain is
ecosystem ( McKenzie, 2022 ). At the same time, restrictive and non-conducive regulations limit the extent to which intermediation can turn digital refugee livelihoods into economic self-reliance. Often precariously positioned in the narrow space between non-conducive regulations and the internet economy, digital livelihoods initiatives become brokers that provide access, while innovating practical workarounds. Brokerage has long been used to analyse labour migration ( Kaur, 2012
Economy ( Geneva : ILO ), www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-migration/publications/WCMS_785236/lang--en/index.htm (accessed 15 April 2022 ). Jessop , B. ( 2012 ), ‘ Economic and Ecological Crises: Green New Deals and No-Growth Economies ’, Development , 55 : 1 , 17 – 24
ILO ( 2021a ), Digital Refugee Livelihoods and Decent Work: Towards Inclusion in a Fairer Digital Economy ( Geneva : ILO ), www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-migration/publications/WCMS_785236/lang--en/index.htm (accessed 11 August 2022 ). Hackl , A. and ILO ( 2021b ), Towards
How does migration feature in states’ diplomatic agendas across the Middle East? Until recently, popular wisdom often held that migration is an important socio-economic, rather than political, phenomenon. Migration diplomacy in the Middle East counters this expectation by providing the first systematic examination of the foreign policy importance of migrants, refugees, and diasporas in the Global South. Gerasimos Tsourapas examines how emigration-related processes become embedded in governmental practices of establishing and maintaining power; how states engage with migrant and diasporic communities residing in the West; how oil-rich Arab monarchies have extended their support for a number of sending states’ ruling regimes via cooperation on labour migration; and, finally, how labour and forced migrants may serve as instruments of political leverage. Drawing on multi-sited fieldwork and data collection and employing a range of case studies across the Middle East and North Africa, Tsourapas enhances existing understandings of regional migration governance in the Global South. The book identifies how the management of cross-border mobility in the Middle East is not primarily dictated by legal, moral, or human rights considerations but driven by states’ actors key concern – political power. Offering key insights into the history and current migration policy dilemmas, the book will provide both novices and specialists with fresh insights on migration into, out of, and across the modern Middle East.
This book charts the vast cultural impact of Charlotte Bronte since the appearance of her first published work, Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. It highlights the richness and diversity of the author's legacy, her afterlife and the continuation of her plots and characters in new forms. The most well known and well regarded of the three sisters during the Victorian period, Charlotte Bronte bequeathed a legacy which is more extensive and more complex than the legacies of Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte. The book shows how Bronte's cultural afterlife has also been marked by a broad geographical range in her consideration of Bronte-related literary tourism in Brussels. It is framed by the accounts of two writers, Elizabeth Gaskell and Virginia Woolf, both of whom travelled to Yorkshire to find evidence of Charlotte Bronte's life and to assess her legacy as an author. The book focuses upon Bronte's topical fascination with labour migration for single, middle-class women in the light of the friendship and correspondence with Mary Taylor. Recent works of fiction have connected the Brontes with the supernatural. The book explores Bronte biodrama as a critically reflexive art: a notable example of popular culture in dialogue with scholarship, heritage and tourism. The Professor and Jane Eyre house the ghost of an original verse composition, whose inclusion allows both novels to participate together in a conversation about the novel's capacity to embody and sustain a lyric afterlife. A survey of the critical fortunes of Villette is also included.