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This book addresses the major theoretical and practical issues of the forms of citizenship and access to citizenship in different types of polity, and the specification and justification of rights of non-citizen immigrants as well as non-resident citizens. It also addresses the conditions under which norms governing citizenship can legitimately vary. The book discusses the principles of including all affected interests (AAI), all subject to coercion (ASC) and all citizenship stakeholders (ACS). They complement each other because they serve distinct purposes of democratic inclusion. The book proposes that democratic inclusion principles specify a relation between an individual or group that has an inclusion claim and a political community that aims to achieve democratic legitimacy for its political decisions and institutions. It contextualizes the principle of stakeholder inclusion, which provides the best answer to the question of democratic boundaries of membership, by applying it to polities of different types. The book distinguishes state, local and regional polities and argues that they differ in their membership character. It examines how a principle of stakeholder inclusion applies to polities of different types. The book illustrates the difference between consensual and automatic modes of inclusion by considering the contrast between birthright acquisition of citizenship, which is generally automatic, and naturalization, which requires an application.
typical than those of the earls of Devon, Stafford and Warwick. But what Walker was primarily exploring was the balance between lords and gentry in the local polity, and his conclusion was that ‘on examination the relationship between lord and man … turns out to be as much one of equality as of dependence. For all their wealth and influence, the magnates of later medieval England maintained only a limited control over their men, for … the gentry possessed other resources, other patrons, other refuge.’ 14 The Lancastrian Affinity was a tour de force of the subject
placed above democratic principles. She states that: As this unifying and deterritorialized language is losing its links with everyday reality and local circumstances, it is used primarily for governing spaces with a globalized imaginary of productivism, which belittles the local polities and democracies as nuisances for the inevitable advance of the global economy. 15
of the so-called universal values of freedom, democracy and human rights is an intentional shift by the Japanese government, but one that has enabled some countries to come together and join the TPP or a similar agreement. ASEAN nations have both shared and different perspectives on Japanese security cooperation in the region, as evidenced by the bifurcation of ASEAN into peripheral-core and core-periphery groupings. Among these groupings, there are further divisions depending on the influence of overseas Chinese communities in the local
increase overall levels of participation in local democracy’ (Wilks-Heeg and Clayton, 2006: 131). Yet as they note the available evidence is limited. However, research carried out by the Power Inquiry showed significant public support for wider forms of participation. Broadening community participation can help strengthen the local polity but only in the context of a vibrant elected local government. Indeed a mixture of traditional forms of political participation and broader forms of civic engagement can be mutually reinforcing. In some ways the local political
physical environment and our social fabric. There is a growing acceptance that environmental, social and economic sustainability are key to creating a dynamic local polity, together with vibrant and engaged local communities. But setting in place policies to deal with this reality presents major challenges. Perhaps when all is said and done the most appropriate way forward is to satisfice. Instead of trying to set out to achieve the goal of sustainable communities and cities, what we should be perhaps doing in the short to medium term is working for a city or community
reconfigure the balance of power in the local polity between political parties and political associations of a non-party nature. The success or failure of the English experiment with elected mayors will be judged not so much by how many there are, although this is important. Rather, the office should be judged by its ability to provide effective, decisive and accountable local political leadership, and to enhance citizen engagement with local government, and by whether mayoral government can generate a local political culture that is demonstrably different from that in other
a bit larger than Greece) by the 1770s, though subnational vassal hierarchs remained in place in such regions as Mustang as ‘kingdoms within kingdoms’. 14 Bhutan (almost a third bigger than Belgium) was unified in the early 1600s under an expatriate Tibetan lama, the Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, who set up a dual form of government comprising a secular authority and an ecclesiastical one. After the Shabrung’s death in 1651 the country disaggregated into fractious local polities led by penlops. Not until the 1880s, under Ugyen Wangchuck, were the pieces once again
commitment to a local polity and set of principles. He does not hesitate to criticise the frequent expressions of hypocrisy over human rights abuses in Asian countries that come from western commentators (as indeed Prime Minister Mahathir has done), and has always been forthright in opposing colonial perspectives. Wong’s ‘mockumentary’ RE:Looking (2002), shown at the 2003 Venice Biennale, is an example of his providing a counter-narrative to the continued colonialist impulses seen in western engagements with Asian nations. This work posits a mythical Malaysian
local rulers and reporting on their behaviour to imperial authorities. 13 However, the relationship between colonial and indigenous rulers and peoples is far from straightforward. In the early modern Americas, European armies overran and largely annihilated local polities, including the empires of the Incas and Aztecs, marginalising local populations through the establishment of European settlements. In