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an ideal vehicle for promoting their goals. This ‘municipal imperialism’, as John Laffey has called it, offers a much broader framework for understanding the origins, long duration and persistent support for overseas expansion which transcended the rise and fall of cabinets or international realignments in the 1800s. Laffey’s ‘first soundings of deep waters’, more than a dozen years ago, were indeed
Imperial power, both formal and informal, and research in the natural sciences were closely dependent in the nineteenth century. This book examines a portion of the mass-produced juvenile literature, focusing on the cluster of ideas connected with Britain's role in the maintenance of order and the spread of civilization. It discusses the political economy of Western ecological systems, and the consequences of their extension to the colonial periphery, particularly in forms of forest conservation. Progress and consumerism were major constituents of the consensus that helped stabilise the late Victorian society, but consumerism only works if it can deliver the goods. From 1842 onwards, almost all major episodes of coordinated popular resistance to colonial rule in India were preceded by phases of vigorous resistance to colonial forest control. By the late 1840s, a limited number of professional positions were available for geologists in British imperial service, but imperial geology had a longer pedigree. Modern imperialism or 'municipal imperialism' offers a broader framework for understanding the origins, long duration and persistent support for overseas expansion which transcended the rise and fall of cabinets or international realignments in the 1800s. Although medical scientists began to discern and control the microbiological causes of tropical ills after the mid-nineteenth century, the claims for climatic causation did not undergo a corresponding decline. Arthur Pearson's Pearson's Magazine was patriotic, militaristic and devoted to royalty. The book explores how science emerged as an important feature of the development policies of the Colonial Office (CO) of the colonial empire.
, imperialist lobbying and colonial policy making indicates that decisions of lasting import to the empire were made with minimal ministerial, parliamentary or public discussion in France. The French population was neither mobilised in opposition to colonial reform, nor in support of it. Municipal imperialism, once a powerful influence on colonial economic policy and a stimulus to public support for empire, was
–27. 24 Raymond Ronze, ‘L’enseignement colonial dans les lycées et colleges français’, Outre-Mer 3:3 (1931), 222–3. 25 Laffey, ‘Municipal imperialism in decline’, 340–1. 26
), Geography and Imperialism; and W. H. Schneider, ‘Geographical Reform and Municipal Imperialism in France, 1870–80’ in MacKenzie (ed.), Imperialism and the Natural World. 26 J. B. Harley, The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography (Baltimore, 2001). Harley’s influence is
decline and end of empire more open to access and consequently perhaps easier to assess. 23 Many other significant studies suggest themselves. To what extent has the emergence of Edinburgh as a major financial services centre been based on earlier foundations at least partly rooted in empire? How far can we chart developments in ‘municipal imperialism’ for a variety of different cities and towns
. 61 John F. Laffey, ‘Municipal imperialism in decline. The Lyon Chamber of Commerce, 1925–1938’, French Historical Studies , 9:3–4 (1975), 345–8. 62 Thompson, Colonial Citizens , 33
, Delavignette note, ‘Marius Moutet au Ministère des Colonies’, n.d. 1936. 34 Ibid ., PA28/1/D3, 2ème Bureau (Colonies) note, n.d. 1937. 35 Laffey, ‘Municipal imperialism in decline