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–7. 12 Carey, God’s Empire , pp. 91–7; A. Porter, Religion Versus Empire? British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), pp. 152–7. 13 S. Potter, ‘ Webs, networks and systems: globalization and
of ‘Savages, Heathens, Infidels, and Idolaters’, through conversion, into the colonial community. Only by ‘the enlargement of Christs Church on Earth’, he believed, could Englishmen fulfil the ‘proper, and principall end of Plantations’, and so attain divine favour: ‘successe in wars, increase in wealth, and honour on earth’. 1 Yet Eburne’s manifesto sat visibly at odds with the unfolding process of English overseas expansion. Through the seventeenth century, Newfoundland figured more consistently in English calculations not as the epicentre of a Christian
Imperial power, both formal and informal, and research in the natural sciences were closely dependent in the nineteenth century. This book examines a portion of the mass-produced juvenile literature, focusing on the cluster of ideas connected with Britain's role in the maintenance of order and the spread of civilization. It discusses the political economy of Western ecological systems, and the consequences of their extension to the colonial periphery, particularly in forms of forest conservation. Progress and consumerism were major constituents of the consensus that helped stabilise the late Victorian society, but consumerism only works if it can deliver the goods. From 1842 onwards, almost all major episodes of coordinated popular resistance to colonial rule in India were preceded by phases of vigorous resistance to colonial forest control. By the late 1840s, a limited number of professional positions were available for geologists in British imperial service, but imperial geology had a longer pedigree. Modern imperialism or 'municipal imperialism' offers a broader framework for understanding the origins, long duration and persistent support for overseas expansion which transcended the rise and fall of cabinets or international realignments in the 1800s. Although medical scientists began to discern and control the microbiological causes of tropical ills after the mid-nineteenth century, the claims for climatic causation did not undergo a corresponding decline. Arthur Pearson's Pearson's Magazine was patriotic, militaristic and devoted to royalty. The book explores how science emerged as an important feature of the development policies of the Colonial Office (CO) of the colonial empire.
’s colonial aspirations renewed a French tradition of overseas expansion, and he well understood that the economic development of newly acquired colonies was necessary to strengthen the positions established by the Navy and Army. 17 The most noticeable change from previous regimes, however, was that colonial expansion occurred simultaneously on four continents, demonstrating the Emperor’s global ambition and
of exploring the country’s domestic history in the context of overseas expansion. Recognition of Wales’s prominence in imperial affairs after c.1850 has not been matched by scholarly investigation of Welsh involvement in the empire of the long eighteenth century. Wales lacked the multifaceted participation that characterised post-Jacobite Scotland, and never experienced the mass mobilisation of manpower for imperial service which swept across Ireland after the 1750s. 7 In the century or so before Waterloo, the
interests of both landed property and imperialsim. Economic historians have recently made the case that ‘gentlemanly capitalism’ – an alliance between upper and middle-class social and economic interests – constituted the principal motor of British overseas expansion in the modern era. 12 Science exemplifies this fusion of effort to achieve shared class goals articulated in the context of national interest
that the English first came to understand and define the new lands across the Atlantic and how they came to craft their own approach to exploration and colonisation that would challenge their rivals and restore the English realm to economic and political health. The sixteenth-century English encounter with America, although at times sporadic and limited to a small group of interested parties, was foundational, establishing and defining the multiplicity of approaches to English overseas expansion that would continue to characterise English New World projects in the
way of explaining the relative economic decline of Britain from the nineteenth century onwards, has since left its mark on such questions as the analysis of the social structure of Victorian British society and the impact of this structure on British ‘overseas expansion. 6 Since the debate has also touched on definitions of Victorian British manliness as either dominantly ‘aristocratic’ and ‘chivalrous’ or
. 5 In short, scant attention has ever been paid to historical connections between Wales and British overseas expansion, and considerable lacunae exist in our understanding of the histories of both British imperialism and Wales itself. What is to be made of the fact that so little has ever been written about Wales and the empire? Are we to conclude that the empire was never of any great significance to Wales and the Welsh, or is it simply the case that the subject is yet to attract sustained attention from
encountering diverse Indigenous groups, created, to varying degrees, a number of ‘imagined’ and largely homogenised Indigenous communities who conformed to a range of English expectations and cultural frameworks. These imagined groups functioned as ‘representational machines’, shaping both English perceptions of the New World and early approaches to overseas expansion and colonisation. 4 Due to the representational and imagined nature of many English depictions of Indigenous people, selecting appropriate terminology is not straightforward. This book uses, where possible