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This book is the first collection of translated sources on towns in medieval England between 1100 and 1500. Drawing on a variety of written evidence for the significan and dynamic period, it provides an overview of English medieval urban history. Readers are invited to consider the challenges and opportunities presented by a wide range of sources. The merchant, for example, is seen from different angles - as an economic agent, as a religious patron and in Chaucer's fictional depiction. The prominence of London and the other major cities is reflected in the selection, but due attention is also given to a number of small market towns. Occasions of conflict are represented, as are examples of groups and societies which both contributed to and helped to contain the tensions within urban society. Changing indicators of wealth and poverty are considered, together with evidence for more complex questions concerning the quality of life in the medieval town. The book moves between the experience of urban life and contemporary perceptions of it - from domestic furnishings to legends of civic origins and plays in which townspeople enacted their own history.
As the medieval town was defined by the diversity of its component elements, so it was condemned to the strains of tension and to periodic violence. Economic growth raised the stakes, leading to further differentiation of wealth and status and encouraging increased competition for control of taxation and access to markets. During the long thirteenth century, as the medieval European
feature of all social life. To some this might sound like stating the obvious and be of no significance to a discussion of conflict resolution. However, to argue that peaceful relationships consist in the absence of armed conflict is hardly conflict resolution. In Northern Ireland where ceasefires are in place, periodic violence continues and destabilising tensions persist. Rather than speak of ‘resolving
simple group stereotypes, which easily turn into enemy images … [and] segregation and periodic violence are the norm and democratic institutions are inherently unstable, corroded by mistrust of “the other side” … [and] sectarian and racist manifestations are still all too evident’ (p. 7). The document goes on to dismiss the idea that paramilitaries or inequality are the cause of violent conflict. The document argues instead that the ‘underlying difficulty is a culture of intolerance, which we will need to remedy if we are to make Northern Ireland a more “normal
-term calm between Gaza and Israel. 40 In line with these wider trends, my interlocutors by and large felt relatively upbeat about both their personal security and Israel’s existential security, though pessimistic about the possibility of any change in the cyclical violence between Israelis and Palestinians. Additionally, periodic violence against Jews in Europe, such as the ‘ Charlie Hebdo attack’ on a kosher supermarket in Paris, periodically catalysed feelings of insecurity, extending the imagined geography of fear of violence against the Jewish people. Managing
particular was a political hothouse, with a wide range of radical and revolutionary forces developing there. There were repeated protests and strikes and periodic violence between different political factions. In 1923, Sun returned to Guangdong – his home region – and established a parallel KMT government (Van de Ven 2003). From its beginnings, the KMT regime was characterised by a number of features. With advice from the Soviet Union, the KMT 3835 Understanding Chinese:Layout 1 12/7/12 11:04 Page 21 Chinese politics: the legacy of history 21 established a highly
taking hold among hilonim . 52 This played out against the backdrop of financial crisis, corruption scandals, the fall-out from the Oslo process, the Second Intifada and nearly two decades of periodic violence. In reaction to violence, there was a backlash against post-Zionism as a disloyal, elitist movement and emotive public debates (2011–17) over changes to Israel’s Basic Law to formalize a ‘Jewish and democratic’ state, privileging a Jewish ethnic dimension of citizenship. During ‘Nation-State’ debates, conservative politicians sought to tug the heart-strings of