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11 Policy-making under direct rule What has been the impact of direct rule on policy-making and policy outcomes? In assessing this, there are a number of significant contexts. Firstly, direct rule administrations have come from both Labour and Conservative Governments and this can account for the content of some policies and changes in policy (see Table 11.1). Secondly, policy decisions under direct rule covered both transferred matters and reserved/excepted matters and at times Governments treated policy as a unified entity. In some areas such as equality
chapters so far we have examined how the various ‘players’ – be they in the legislature, executive, pressure groups, media or judiciary – affect the making of decisions. In this chapter we sharpen the focus a little and examine the machinery at closer range. Policy-making as a ‘system’ Writing in 1979, Martin Burch suggested the process of government decision-making could be seen in terms of ‘inputs’, in the form of demands on the system, and ‘outputs’, in the form of consultation and White Papers, guidance notes, statutes, delegated legislation, public services
9780719055157_4_003.qxd 20/3/09 12:06 PM Page 34 3 The EU framework for UK policy-making The purpose of this chapter is to offer a review of the EU framework within which UK central government operates. This EU framework is important for a range of reasons, but most centrally because it is the main source of Europeanisation effects. There are other sources of Europeanisation, such as the separate, Strasbourg-based Council of Europe, but we have excluded them from our study. Europeanisation and European policy are also closely bound up with a series of
It is frequently claimed that foreign policy making in Middle East states is either the idiosyncratic product of personalistic dictators or the irrational outcome of domestic instability. In fact, it can only be adequately understood by analysis of the multiple factors common to all states, namely: (1) foreign policy determinants (interests, challenges) to which decision-makers respond when they shape policies; and (2) foreign policy structures and processes which factor the ‘inputs’ made by various actors into a policy addressing these
3 European Union policy-making towards Mercosur Introduction The EU is not a state and is not a traditional international organization. It is common to characterize it as a hybrid system with a federal component, but nothing comparable exists at this point in time. To understand EU policy-making towards Mercosur it is important to understand the internal system of the EU, its internal policy-making and the internal system of Mercosur, particularly given that Mercosur has tried to replicate the institutional design of the EU. Since its creation in 1957 in the
12 Regions, central government power and policy-making Central policies and vertical authority The engagement of regions with local higher education institutions implies that those responsible for regional administration have the will and ability to choose partnership. The reality of government power however is such that the degrees of freedom to make and sustain collaborative arrangements are often severely limited: circumscribed by attitudes and policies, political and bureaucratic practices that prevent and frustrate. On the other hand central government can
. As well as having transnational impact, the EU environmental policy has consequences for each level of government in Europe – national, regional and local – through its implementation. In theory the institutional architecture of the EU implies a very clear-cut separation between policy making and implementation activities whereby member states are primarily responsible for ensuring the translation and effective compliance with directives. In practice the interrelationships and interactions that arise in a system of multi-level governance presents a multifaceted
6 The EU and labour migration policy-making in the UK and Spain Introduction The key questions this chapter tackles are to what extent the EU impacts on debate over policy at the national level, how this impact is mediated by domestic structures and what kinds of effects it has. In order to answer these questions, the chapter first considers what might be meant by the Europeanisation of immigration policy. This is then followed by a brief analysis of the emerging EU migration regime before the impact of the EU on national policy-making in the UK and Spain is
opportunities for social and political participation. Hazleton was just one of dozens of cities that proposed or enacted LRs in and around 2006, a period of increased immigration policy making activity for local governments around the US. In this chapter we examine the increased activity of municipal, county, and US state governments through the analysis of a unique database of over 3,000 LRs passed from 1980 to 2014 (Visser, 2017 ). We examine the character, timing, and location of policy adoption, and compare patterns between these scales. While
, and agreed that the time had come to introduce internment. 28 This policy-making process and the extent to which the impetus came from London or from Belfast have been analysed at length elsewhere. 29 None the less, the key reasons for internment can be identified, and doing so helps explain how the ‘five techniques’ came to be used in Northern Ireland. There is no evidence that collecting intelligence by using the