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Images of poverty saturate the cultural landscape of the nineteenth century. As the forces of industrialisation progressed, so those images proliferated – just as did the poor. No doubt representations of the poor enabled the middle classes to discover their ‘social conscience’; no doubt, also, they incriminated them. Thus did bourgeois society
5 A poverty of leadership: Nursing older people in British hospitals, 1945–80 Jane Brooks Introduction In February 2013, Robert Francis QC published the report of the public inquiry into the poor care, target-driven culture and patient neglect at the Mid-Staffordshire NHS Trust in the midlands of England. Key to the findings and crucial for the recommendations were that there was poor leadership and that the Trust Board had as its raison d’être cost-saving and the meeting of government targets, rather than successful patient outcomes. Francis wrote: As a result
1 Poverty, parks, and painting Reviewing the depiction of the urban scene in nineteenth-century British art, Caroline Arscott has noted that from the 1880s, the previous balance ‘between celebration and despair’ changed quite decisively to ‘a bleak vision of urban alienation’.1 Whereas previous generations of artists had sought to represent either ‘a marked confidence in the achievements of urban development’, or ‘a growing middle-class awareness of social problems’, this decade witnessed a marked ‘gloom and anxiety about the state of urban life
More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and skill to relieve the suffering of these people. 1 It was Harry S. Truman who said this at the White House on 20 January 1949 in his inaugural address for his second mandate as president of the
2 Disability, social inclusion and poverty Brian Nolan Introduction Social inclusion is generally taken to mean being in a position to participate fully in the life of the society one lives in, while conversely social exclusion entails being prevented from doing so. While the precise difference between the concepts of poverty and social exclusion is much discussed in the extensive research literature on these topics, poverty is widely seen as inability to participate fully in the life of one’s society due to lack of resources – as formulated for example in Peter
15 Norman Fainstein and Susan S. Fainstein The spatial dimension of poverty Few would dispute that the spatial concentration of poverty reinforces constraints that keep people in deprivation. Furthermore, many analysts have determined that spatial segregation is increasing (see e.g. Musterd et al. 2016; Logan 2013). A debate, however, exists about its underlying causes. The Chicago School, which introduced spatial mechanisms into the explanation of social differentiation, identified cultural transmission within distinct parts of cities that affected the
17 Enrica Morlicchio Urban poverty and social cohesion: lessons from Naples The relationship between disadvantaged populations and the urban space in which they are located has been the subject of empirical observation since the famous investigation conducted by Charles Booth in London at the turn of the twentieth century (Booth 1902). As is well known, Booth created a series of detailed maps of the streets of London, based on a cartographic method which was already in use at that time, but which had never been applied on such a broad scale. Today, thanks to
4 Poverty and the Irish language Land purchase alone would not afford an adequate solution to the poverty prevalent in parts of County Galway. Even if all of the land in the Free State available for the relief of congestion was used for the resettlement of the people of the west, the plain fact was it would still not be sufficient for the purpose. The problem that the Cumann na nGaedheal government faced was an economic one. The new state’s beginnings had opened with reports of famine-like conditions in parts of Connemara and each year brought a recurring
homes (one small room being frequently the ‘home’ of a family), the general domestic atmosphere of insecurity, indifference, shiftiness, sheer poverty, degradation, and sometimes vice and crime … At Johanna Street much of the work must be done in a missionary spirit. 1 Conditions varied considerably across the capital, but the area of north Lambeth from which Johanna Street drew its pupils was not the only part of London to suffer appalling poverty in the interwar years, with
4883 Social Change PT bjl.qxd 1111 2 3 4 15 6 7 8 9 10 1 112 1113 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 13/6/07 11:07 Page 127 8 Extreme poverty: vagrants and prostitutes Vagrants and prostitutes were among those who would have been described as ‘poor’ by everyone, including labourers and casual workers. As targets of repression and recipients of relief, they were in regular contact with government and voluntary agencies of the time. Vagrancy or wandering homelessness in Ireland and in Britain was seen as such an ongoing social