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traditions, and how this tension, in turn, was translated into citizenship education in post-Maoist China, which promoted the paternalistic, state-obedient ideal of citizenship. The final section discusses how the combined forces of the hierarchical rural–urban imaginary, the hukou system and the prescribed citizenship practices of obedience and passivity have interplayed with local state policies in urban China. I analyse three cities in particular – Shenzhen, Beijing and Hangzhou – as these are the locations of the majority of NGOs in this study, and three key
Jewell links the were-animals in Tommaso Landolfis novel La pietra lunare to population ecology in the 1930s. Landolfi imagines and narrates a were-population explosion in the specific historical context of the changes fascism brought to rural life when it favored a grain-based economy. When state policy attempts to manage grazing populations and the culture of transhumance, the uncontrolled growth of fast-breeding, broad-ranging, mountain-going were-goats in the novel puts the validity of fascist agricultural policy into question. When in secret at the full moon they couple monstrously and multiply, were-animals thoroughly challenge the effectiveness of discourses of controlled population management.
This text aims to fill a gap in the field of Middle Eastern political studies by combining international relations theory with concrete case studies. It begins with an overview of the rules and features of the Middle East regional system—the arena in which the local states, including Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Jordan and Iraq, operate. The book goes on to analyse foreign-policy-making in key states, illustrating how systemic determinants constrain this policy-making, and how these constraints are dealt with in distinctive ways depending on the particular domestic features of the individual states. Finally, it goes on to look at the outcomes of state policies by examining several major conflicts including the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Gulf War, and the system of regional alignment. The study assesses the impact of international penetration in the region, including the historic reasons behind the formation of the regional state system. It also analyses the continued role of external great powers, such as the United States and the former Soviet Union, and explains the process by which the region has become incorporated into the global capitalist market.
different systems of knowledge, sometimes converging or interlocking but often at odds over fundamental issues. We also draw attention to the fact that strategies based on the different systems of knowledge lead to different biological/ecological outcomes, and we suggest that modern epidemiological events should still be interpreted in the light of conflicts between state policy and pastoralist strategy
practised religion independent of state-approved institutions as well as those perceived as disloyal to the state, and it continued to incentivise Uyghur assimilation into Han-centric society through educational and work programmes. In public discourse, the label of ‘separatist’ was replaced with that of ‘terrorist’ and there was increased scrutiny of Uyghurs who appeared particularly pious, but these were merely subtle changes to the state ‘anti-separatism’ campaigns during the 1990s. The major shift in state policy in the early
consolidated the ‘Party’ in a position of authority in most of São Paulo’s prisons, the hegemony of the ‘Command’ in the prison system was marked with another key event that acted as a kind of ritual of PCC consolidation: the ‘mega-rebellion’, which took place simultaneously in twenty-six prison units across São Paulo in 2001. State policies: tension between matrices Alongside this unprecedented legitimation of crime as a pole of political power among prisoners, in the mid-1990s two other sets of discourses regarding violence, murder and justice – based on alternative
Lowlands. The Act of 1872 and subsequent educational policies and practices may well have accelerated these trends but the general process of linguistic decline was apparent in the Gaidhealtachd long before the educational legislation of the later nineteenth century. From at least the early seventeenth century state policy in the Highlands until after the last Jacobite rebellion was directed to the repression and eradication of ‘the Irische language’. Not only was Gaelic associated with the instability of the region, it was also seen as one of its basic causes. In 1616
War. We can reach a deeper understanding of our story by placing it into three contexts. First is its importance to the lives of those affected. Second is its significance as state policy. And, third, we need to place the control of German prisoners in Britain within the broader European picture of persecution during the First World War in particular, and to try to understand its meaning within the age of catastrophe recognized by Hobsbawm, but also examine the First World War as a turning point in the history of mass incarceration. During the Great War internment
After the First World War there was a striking reorientation of state policy on emigration from the United Kingdom. A state-assisted emigration scheme for ex-servicemen and ex-servicewomen, operating from 1919 to 1922, was followed by an Empire Settlement Act, passed in 1922, which made significant British state funding available for assisted emigration and overseas land settlement
The book explores the relationship between violence against women on one hand, and the rights to health and reproductive health on the other. It argues that violation of the right to health is a consequence of violence, and that (state) health policies might be a cause of – or create the conditions for – violence against women. It significantly contributes to feminist and international human rights legal scholarship by conceptualising a new ground-breaking idea, violence against women’s health (VAWH), using the Hippocratic paradigm as the backbone of the analysis. The two dimensions of violence at the core of the book – the horizontal, ‘interpersonal’ dimension and the vertical ‘state policies’ dimension – are investigated through around 70 decisions of domestic, regional and international judicial or quasi-judicial bodies (the anamnesis). The concept of VAWH, drawn from the anamnesis, enriches the traditional concept of violence against women with a human rights-based approach to autonomy and a reflection on the pervasiveness of patterns of discrimination (diagnosis). VAWH as theorised in the book allows the reconceptualisation of states’ obligations in an innovative way, by identifying for both dimensions obligations of result, due diligence obligations, and obligations to progressively take steps (treatment). The book eventually asks whether it is not international law itself that is the ultimate cause of VAWH (prognosis).