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The Welfare State 2 ➤ Definition of the term ‘Welfare State’ ➤ What is included as part of the Welfare State ➤ Basic principles of the Welfare State ➤ The future of the Welfare State This short chapter is designed to introduce the subject of the Welfare State as a complete concept before we discuss some of its individual elements – education, health and social security – in further chapters. The origins and principles of the Welfare State will be discussed and the changing attitude of the parties and their policy makers to it will be traced. DEFINITION There
6 Travellers and the welfare state In this chapter I explore how the post-war welfare state changed the ideological context in which Travellers existed. I consider how the ethos of citizenship was deployed in relation to the idea of a modern, reconstructing Britain, and how this fed into the establishment of the welfare state.1 While Travellers saw participation in the war effort as the ‘qualifier’ for full inclusion in the new benefits, bureaucrats saw citizenship as consisting of a wider set of responsibilities. This attitude combined with old prejudices
6 Towards the welfare state: class, community and collective action, 1936–41 I have never seen the Tory members of the House of Commons so moved as when we were discussing the Bill to prevent the export of worn-out horses. Naturally we are all anxious to suppress cruelty to animals, and the scandal of the business ... but to see MPs who constantly refuse to abolish the Means Test ... almost weeping over the trade in horses was a strange sight. What is it that makes a man or woman, refuse to assist hungry children, and yet shed tears on animals? Emanuel Shinwell
‘exceptionalism’ from the global history of colonialism, slavery, and imperial warfare, yet their deportation regimes serve as entry points for analysing the radical exclusion of racialised (non)citizens and historically marginalised groups, which are and always have been inherent to the welfare state project ( Keskinen et al., 2009 ; Leets Hansen and Suárez-Krabbe, 2019 ). Hence, notwithstanding their different policies on border
realism, and sometimes also depicting a welfare state in decline. In Lindqvist's zombie novel Hanteringen av odöda (2005; Handling the Undead , 2009), the undead people are locked away by the Swedish government in a residential area called The Heath in a desperate attempt to handle a horrific situation in a rational and bureaucratic manner. A communal space at The Heath is described as follows: ‘The courtyard was dominated by the large structure in the centre… it had been planned as a combined laundry, social space and refuse centre. However
6 Advisory services in the postwar welfare state The Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949 offered much in principle to advice-seekers and the legal profession by making it possible for solicitors to undertake work on behalf of the less affluent without this being totally at their expense and without the upheaval of the profession. Unlike their medical and dental professional counterparts, legal professionals were not required to join a universal, nationalised system whilst maintaining private practice. However, the Legal Aid and Advice Act was not fully implemented
Voluntary action in the ‘welfare state’ 6 Voluntary action in the ‘welfare state’: the National Council for the Unmarried Mother and Her Child Pat Thane Michael Rose made a distinguished contribution to the historiography of the English Poor Law in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Poor Law was the only publicly provided form of ‘welfare’ in Britain between the early sixteenth century and the mid-twentieth century. Later in his career he became interested in the modern history of the voluntary sector, particularly the settlement movement, and
everyday lives of working-class Britons. 2 It was undoubtedly a moment of significant working-class advancement exemplified by the newly established National Health Service, full employment and the guarantee of effective trade union rights. According to Tom Nairn, 3 the seeds of the welfare state were planted during the time of war when the Conservative and Labour parties came together in a government of national unity to thwart
legacies of imperial inequalities created through unequal taxation regimes and the manipulation of notions of welfare. This chapter sets out how the Kenyan nation was not able to decolonise from the economic and fiscal inequalities created by the British Empire after political independence and how a new form of fiscal imperial relations emerged that prevented Kenya from financing its own welfare state. While domestic tax systems should have the ability to evolve independently, post-colonial tax systems
9 Wardens, letter writing and the welfare state, 1944–74 John Welshman The previous chapters have concentrated on the large-scale, long-stay facilities that have been the main focus of asylum histories in the United Kingdom. These institutions still dominated the landscape of care in the third quarter of the twentieth century, although reformers were already advocating alternative forms of provision that were closer to patients’ homes and families and better integrated with other health and welfare services. This shift in the locus of care was associated with